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The Endocrine System PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical presentation on adrenal gland, which is titled "The Endocrine System", to know the parts of the endocrine system and discuss the function of each part, define the combining forms used in building words that relate to the endocrine system, and, know the common diagnoses, clinical procedures, and laboratory tests used in treating disorders of the endocrine system. The presentation also has information on the major pathological conditions of the endocrine system, surgical terms related to the endocrine system, and common pharmacological agents used in treating disorders of the endocrine system.

Tags : adrenal gland, Endocrine System, function, common diagnoses, clinical procedures, laboratory tests, treatment, treating disorders, Hypothalamus, Pineal Gland, Pituitary Gland, Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Gland, Thymus Gland, Adrenal Glands, Pancreas

Published on : May 06, 2021 | Views : 1665 | Downloads : 4

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1 The Endocrine System The Endocrine System Ovary Pancreas Adrenal gland Thymus Thyroid gland Pituitary gland Hypothalamus Pineal gland
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2 Objectives Objectives After studying this chapter, you will be able to: Name the parts of the endocrine system and discuss the function of each part Define the combining forms used in building words that relate to the endocrine system Identify the meaning of related abbreviations Name the common diagnoses, clinical procedures, and laboratory tests used in treating disorders of the endocrine system
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3 Objectives Part 2 Objectives cont'd List and define the major pathological conditions of the endocrine system Define surgical terms related to the endocrine system Recognize common pharmacological agents used in treating disorders of the endocrine system
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4 Structure and Function Structure and Function The Endocrine System Regulates many bodily functions Maintains homeostasis by regulating the production of chemicals that affect most functions of the body Secretes substances that aid the nervous system Important regulator of growth and development Endocrine glands are ductless glands, unlike exocrine glands that secrete substances into ducts.
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5 Glands Consists of: glands hormones target tissues Structure and Function The Endocrine System
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6 Hypo/Hyper Structure and Function Homeostasis exists when there is a balance of substances. Endocrine conditions are due to either hypo (too little) or hyper (too much) secretions of substances (hormones). hyper hypo
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7 Hypothalamus Located at the base of the brain in an area called the sella turcica Is the body’s master gland Consists of an anterior and posterior lobe Structure and Function Hypothalamus Part of the nervous system. Also serves as an endocrine gland because it releases hormones that regulate pituitary hormones Hormones released have either a releasing or an inhibiting factor Pineal Gland Located superior and posterior to the pituitary gland Releases melatonin, a hormone believed to affect sleep and gonad functioning Pituitary Gland
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8 Thyroid Gland Structure and Function Thyroid Gland Consists of a right and left lobe, located on either side of the trachea The isthmus connects the two lobes together Secretions control metabolism and blood calcium concentrations Hormones Secreted Thyroxin (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) Functions to regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins Calcitonin Functions to help lower blood calcium levels
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9 Thymus Gland Structure and Function Parathyroid Gland Four oval shaped glands located on the dorsal side of the thyroid Regulates calcium and phosphate levels Thymus Gland Also part of the immune system The hormones secreted stimulate the production of T and B cells Adrenal Glands A pair of glands, each one situated on top of a kidney Each gland has an outer portion (adrenal cortex) and inner portion (adrenal medulla) Regulates electrolytes Adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) in response to stress
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10 Pancreas Structure and Function Pancreas Helps maintain proper blood glucose levels Is both an endocrine and exocrine gland. The islets of Langerhans serve its endocrine functions Two types of cells, alpha and beta are produced by the islets of Langerhans Insulin is released by the beta cells which stimulate the glucose to be sent to the body’s cells and convert unused glucose to glycogen Low Blood sugar Glucagon is released by the alpha cells which stimulate stored glycogen to be transformed into glucose again Blood sugar Elevated
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11 Structure and Function, Continued Structure and Function Insulin and Glucagon Insulin Glucagon Artery Drop in blood glucose stimulates glucagon secretion Rise in blood glucose stimulates insulin secretion Promotes movement of glucose into certain cells Stimulates formation of glycogen from glucose In response to insulin, blood glucose drops toward normal (and inhibits insulin secretion) In response to glucagon, blood glucose rises toward normal (and inhibits insulin secretion) Stimulates cells to break down glycogen into glucose Stimulates cells to convert non-carbohydrates into glucose Pancreas
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12 Ovaries and Testes Structure and Function Ovaries Testes Located in the female pelvic region one attached to the top of each fallopian tube Produce the female hormones: -estrogen -progesterone Located in the scrotum, a sac outside the body Produce spermatozoa which fertilizes the female ova Produce male sex hormones: -testosterone
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13 Combining Forms & Abbreviations (aden) Combining Forms and Abbreviations Combining Form Meaning aden(o) adren(o) gluc(o) glyc(o) gonad(o) pancreat(o) parathyroid(o) thyr(o)
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14 Combining Forms & Abbreviations (ACTH) Combining Forms and Abbreviations Abbreviation Meaning ACTH ADH CRH DM FSH GH GTT HCG
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15 Combining Forms & Abbreviations (IDDM) Combining Forms and Abbreviations Abbreviation Meaning IDDM LH MSH NIDDM PRL PTH STH TSH
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16 Blood Tests Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Terms Blood Tests Fasting blood sugar Glucose tolerance test Thyroid function test Other tests Radioactive iodine uptake Thyroid scan Radioactive immunoassay
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17 Pituitary Abnormalities Pathological Terms Most endocrine conditions are the result of hypersecretion or hyposecretion of one or more hormones. Pituitary Abnormalities acromegaly Hypersecretion of the growth hormone which may result in gigantism dwarfism Hyposecretion of the growth hormone which causes stunted growth diabetes insipidus Hyposecretion of the antidiuretic (ADH) hormone which causes polyuria and polydipsia syndrome of inappropriate ADH Hypersecretion of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which causes excessive water to be retained
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18 Thyroid Conditions Pathological Terms Thyroid Conditions Hyperthyroidism Also known as Graves’ disease or thyrotoxicosis Overactive thyroid secretions may cause exophthalmos (bulging of the eyes) A goiter may also form due to oversecretion of thyroid gland Hypothyroidism Underactive thyroid secretion Signs include slow pulse, sluggishness, and often obesity Types of hypothyroidism include: -myxedema -congenital hypothyroidism Both can be treated with synthetic hormones
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19 Parathyroid Conditions Pathological Terms Parathyroid Conditions The parathyroid glands help control calcium levels which contribute to bone growth and muscular health. Hyperparathyroidism Over activity of the parathyroid glands Usually caused by a tumor Symptoms may include the following: -bone loss -kidney failure Hypoparathyroidism Under activity of the parathyroid glands causing low blood calcium levels Common symptoms include the following: -bone loss -tetany (muscle paralysis)
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20 Adrenal Conditions Pathological Terms Adrenal Conditions Hyperadrenalism Overactive adrenal gland secretion May be caused by a tumor Adrenogenital syndrome results in symptoms of excessive androgens affecting both men and women Symptoms may include hirsuitism, and virilism Hypoadrenalism Under secretion of the adrenal gland Also known as Addison’s disease Symptoms may include: - anemia - abnormal skin pigment - general malaise
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21 Pancreatic Conditions Pathological Terms Pancreatic Conditions Pancreatitis Inflammation of the pancreas Hypoglycemia Caused by hypersecretion of insulin Blood sugar levels below normal deprive the body cells of needed glucose Can be controlled with dietary changes I’m so tired and hungry
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22 Diabetes Mellitus Pathological Terms Diabetes Mellitus Can be due to hyposecretion of insulin Affects about 4% of the U. S. population Type I Insulin-dependent diabetes Occurs in childhood Results from underproduction of insulin Controlled with doses of insulin Type II Noninsulin-dependent diabetes Occurs during adulthood Usually results in overweight people Several physical complications such as: -infection -diabetic nephropathy -diabetic neuropathy -diabetic retinopathy controlled with exercise and diet
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23 Surgical Terms Surgical Terms Certain endocrine glands that become diseased can be removed Common Procedures adenectomy adrenalectomy hypophysectomy pancreatectomy parathyroidectomy thymectomy thyroidectomy
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24 Hormone Replacement Therapy Pharmacological Terms Hormone Replacement Therapy Used to treat hormonal deficiencies Examples include synthetic -thyroid -estrogen -testosterone Antihyperglycemic Lowers the blood sugar Example -Insulin Antihypoglycemic Prevents or relieves severe hypoglycemia Example -dextrose insulin
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25 Radioactive Iodine Pharmacological Terms Human growth hormone Increases height in cases of abnormal lack of growth Example -somatotropin Steroid Increases growth Example -prednisone Radioactive iodine Used to treat thyroid tumors
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26 Hypothalamus Apply Your Knowledge Pituitary gland Apply Your Knowledge pineal gland parathyroid gland hypothalamus pituitary gland thymus adrenal gland pancreas ovary 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Identify the following labeled endocrine organs
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27 Apply Your Knowledge Part 2 Apply Your Knowledge Which of the following endocrine glands is located in the sella turcica? A. Pineal B. Pituitary C. Adrenal Answer: B. Pituitary
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28 Apply Your Knowledge Part 3 Apply Your Knowledge A lack of which of the following nutrients in the bloodstream will adversely affect the body’s metabolism? A. carbohydrates B. sodium C. iodine Answer: C. iodine
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29 Apply Your Knowledge Part 4 Apply Your Knowledge Carrie, age 5 has been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. Which type of diabetes would she more than likely have? A. insulin-dependent B. noninsulin-dependent C. Type II Answer: A. insulin-dependent