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Radiation Medicine PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical PowerPoint presentation titled "Radiation Medicine” by Pedro Andreo.

This medical PowerPoint presentation is about radiation medicine, also known as radiation oncology. Radiation medicine is a medical specialty that focuses on the use of ionizing radiation to treat cancer and other diseases. Radiation therapy is used to kill cancer cells by damaging their DNA, preventing them from dividing and growing.

Radiation oncologists work with a team of other medical professionals, including radiation therapists, medical physicists, and dosimetrists, to design and deliver the most effective treatment plan for each patient. Treatment plans are tailored to the individual patients needs, taking into account factors such as the location and size of the tumor, the stage of the cancer, and the patients overall health.

Radiation therapy can be delivered in several ways, including external beam radiation therapy, internal radiation therapy (also called brachytherapy), and systemic radiation therapy. External beam radiation therapy uses a machine called a linear accelerator to deliver radiation from outside the body, while internal radiation therapy involves placing a radioactive source inside the body near the tumor. Systemic radiation therapy involves the use of radioactive drugs that are given intravenously or orally.

Radiation therapy can cause side effects, including fatigue, skin irritation, and nausea, but these side effects are usually temporary and can be managed with medication and other supportive care. Radiation oncologists work closely with other members of the patients care team to manage side effects and ensure the best possible outcome for each patient.

Tags : radiation medicine, radiation oncology, ionizing radiation, external beam radiation therapy, internal radiation therapy, brachytherapy, systemic radiation therapy, Nuclear Medicine PowerPoint presentation

Published on : Jun 20, 2023 | Views : 770 | Downloads : 0

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Slide 1-

Radiation MedicineThe “human side” of nuclear applications Pedro Andreo, DirectorDivision of Human Health (NAHU) Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
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Radiation Medicine 2 BACKGROUND The utilization of radiation in medicine for diagnosis and treatment dates from the 19th century, almost from the time x-rays and radioactivity were discovered Now its use is deeply embedded in medical practice. For many purposes, it is indispensable – both for diagnosis and for treatment
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Radiation Medicine 3 THE DIVISION OF HUMAN HEALTH Nuclear Medicine & Diagnostic imaging Radiation Oncology & Cancer Treatment Medical Physics & Dosimetry Nutrition
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Radiation Medicine 4 CONTENTS “Nuclear” techniques in medicine: Radiation Medicine What is and what is not “Nuclear Medicine” The birth of PACT (Program of Action for Cancer Therapy)
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Radiation Medicine 5 THREE DISTINCT FIELDS Diagnostic radiology 100% diagnostic Radiotherapy 100% treatment Nuclear medicine 80% diagnostic 10% treatment 10% lab tests Multidisciplinary team: physicians, physicists, radiographers,..
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Radiation Medicine 6 THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OFRADIATION SOURCES Diagnostic radiology X-rays Radiotherapy High-activity sealed sources radioisotopes, solid, capsule Medical accelerators Nuclear medicine Low-activity unsealed sources (*) radioisotopes, mostly liquid radiopharmaceuticals (*) except for therapeutic uses
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Radiation Medicine 7 DIAGNOSTIC X-RAYS The left hand of Mrs Roentgen, some 100 years ago(1895) Modern pelvic and thorax X-ray examinations using digital techniques
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Radiation Medicine 8 Are X-rays atomic/nuclear? bremsstrahlung interaction x-ray electron characteristicx-rays added
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Radiation Medicine 9 …. delivering As Low radiation dose to the patient As Reasonably Achievable To produce an anatomical or functional patient image (using x-rays) which is clinically useful …. The goal of Diagnostic Radiology A.L.A.R.A.
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Radiation Medicine 10 microcalcifications Mammography - the “ultimate” challenge with regard to X-ray image quality typically 25-30 kV;special anode-filter
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Radiation Medicine 11 1895 High-resolution imaging in 3D usingmulti-slice Computed Tomography techniquesand helical scanning X Ray tube Detector array 80-140 kV;typically 120 kV
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Radiation Medicine 12 Angiography and interventional proceduresare performed using image intensifiers orflat panel detectors ~ 70-100 kV
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Radiation Medicine 13 To deliver As High radiation dose As possible (Reasonably Achievable) to a “clinical target”… … while keeping the dose to other regions and organs as low as possible. The goal of Radiotherapy A.H.A.R.A.
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Radiation Medicine 14 Teletherapy Sealed Co-60 source or electron/photon accelerator
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Radiation Medicine 15 Modern accelerator teletherapy
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Radiation Medicine 16 Brachytherapy sources Brachytherapy applicators
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Radiation Medicine 17 Nasopharynx applicator Cervix applicator Afterloader system (nasopharynx) Afterloader system (cervix) Brachytherapy treatments
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Radiation Medicine 18 Nuclear Medicine Diagnosis Oncology Cardiology Neurology Therapy Laboratory Tumour markersMolecular biologyGene expression
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Radiation Medicine 19 NUCLEAR MEDICINE IN-VIVO APPLICATIONS (90%): Diagnosis and Therapy The fundamental principle is the use of “agents”, which localize in specific organs or tissues on the basis of their biochemical or physiological properties (radiopharmaceuticals)
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Radiation Medicine 20 PM-tubes Detector Collimator Position X Position Y -> computer Energy Z Detector: gamma camera Radioactive source is inside the patient
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Radiation Medicine 21 Tomographic acquisition - anatomical
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Radiation Medicine 22 Dynamic acquisition - funcional
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Radiation Medicine 23 Nuclear Cardiology Chronic Syndromes Stable angina; previous myocardial infarction Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Assessment of specific risk conditions: diabetes Management of patients with known or suspected chronic CAD: Assessment of disease severity Risk stratification Prognosis Evaluation effects medical therapy and/or surgery
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Radiation Medicine 24 Nuclear Neurology In several cerebral diseases: Integrated diagnosis Therapy assessment Early detection ofdegenerative diseases MRI 18-FDG-PET 3D E Tremor Parkinson Control MSA
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Radiation Medicine 25 Radionuclide Therapy Thyroid Cancer Metastatic cancers Iodine-131: the silver bullet
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Radiation Medicine 26 Differentiated thyroid carcinoma Diffuse non-Hodgkin lymphoma Metastatic neuro-endocrine tumours Painful bone metastases 131I 131I-MoAb 111In-Octr 153Sm Radionuclide Therapy: Established Role complementary tool to surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy
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Radiation Medicine 27 Radionuclide Therapy: emerging applicationsRadio Immuno Therapy (RIT)
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Radiation Medicine 28 Molecular biology nuclear techniques are used in to detect drug resistance
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Radiation Medicine 29 Nuclear Medicine in-vitro techniques Detection of drug resistance: Tuberculosis, malaria, HIV Diagnosis of communicable diseases: Tuberculosis, Hepatitis, Chagas disease, Leishmaniasis, Dengue fever Diagnosis of genetic disorders: Fragile x-syndrome, thalassemia, sickle cell anemia Diagnosis of papilloma virus (associated with cervical cancer) Diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism (associated with mental retardation)
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Radiation Medicine 30 PET imaging
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Radiation Medicine 31 Multimodality imaging (image fusion) CT: anatomy PET: function
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Radiation Medicine 32 THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OFRADIATION DOSE TO THE PATIENT Diagnostic radiology (over 2 billions exam) Low dose to patient (most exams) Large population dose Risk: stochastic effects Radiotherapy (5.5 millions treatments) High dose to patient (intended!) Risk: deterministic and stochastic effects Nuclear medicine (32 millions procedures) Low doses (mostly) Risk: stochastic effects
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Radiation Medicine 33 1895 1995 “… it is likely that CT examinations will become the largest contribution to population dose from man-made exposures in many countries.” UNSCEAR, 2004
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Radiation Medicine 34 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL MEDICAL PHYSICS: key player for the technical aspects of Radiation Medicine To optimize the dose delivered to a patient in clinical procedures, both diagnostic and therapeutic, so that the desired outcome of the medical prescription is achieved.
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Radiation Medicine 36 CANCER AND THE UN SYSTEMThe IAEA is the only UN player in Nuclear Technology transfer for cancer prevention, diagnosis and treatment International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) World Health Organization (WHO) Programme on Cancer Control IAEA research and technical cooperation on nutrition, nuclear medicine and radiation therapy
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Radiation Medicine 37 Nuclear techniques: an appropriate solutionfor cancer treatment and pain relief Radiotherapy:Needed for at least 50% of cancer patients Nuclear Medicine: Less frequent but effective for some wide-spread and diffuse cancers
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Radiation Medicine 38 SOME FACTS In the more industrialized countries, one person in three gets a cancer For each one of us this means that, most likely, we will have one case of cancer among the closest members of our family
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Radiation Medicine 39 approx 150 million in developing countries 100 million will be suitable for radiation treatment WHO-IARC (2003) Of the 260 million new cancer cases in 20 years, there will be
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Radiation Medicine 40 IAEA resources are inadequate to respond to the silent crisis In 10 years, approx 100 M$ for over 500 projects in 100 developing countries At least $1-2 billion needed now Demand will increase more than 50% over the next 20 years
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Radiation Medicine 41 Programme of Action on Cancer Therapy(PACT) One House: Meeting Global Needs
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Radiation Medicine 42 Programme of Action for Cancer Therapy (PACT) Work with partners on prevention and control (Agency: radiation medicine) Raise public awareness Mobilize resources Patient set-up for treatment with a 60Co teletherapy machine
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Radiation Medicine 43 Programme of Action for Cancer Therapy(PACT) Treatment using a High-Dose-Rate 192Ir brachytherapy machine Board of Governors approves June 2004 GOV/2004/39 General Conference resolution Sept 2004 GC (48)13D PACT Programme Office (PPO) established Nov 2005SEC/NOT/2048
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Radiation Medicine 44