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Psychological Disorders PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical presentation on Neurology, which is titled "Psychological Disorders", to know about various Psychological Disorders.

Tags : Neurology, Psychological Disorders

Published on : Aug 18, 2021 | Views : 2003 | Downloads : 1

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Slide 1-

Psychological Disorders Psychological Disorder a “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be (text discussion): Atypical not enough in itself Disturbing varies with time and culture Maladaptive harmful Unjustifiable By what standard?
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Defined as Function Individual is not functioning adequately based on either his/her standards or according to significant others in the person’s life. Almost all the disorders we discuss have symptoms that everyone experiences. Diagnosis of disorder depends of intensity, length of time and how much it’s impacting on the person. Depression Anxiety Psychosis?
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Psychological Disorders Medical Model concept that diseases have physical causes can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured assumes that these “mental” illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital
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Problems with medical model Effects of labeling person, especially if based on limited number of symptoms May limit true understanding of behavior in favor of “listed” symptoms and assumptions about outcome Confirmation bias: future information interpreted in a biased way based on label Similar problems can exist with diagnosis physical ailments
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Psychological Disorders Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective assumes that biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders
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Bio-Psycho-Social Approach
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Bio-Psycho-Social Approach These factors change over time. Hence, it’s harmful to place a constant label on a person “Normal” behavior changes over cultures, sub-cultures and time. E.g., is gang behavior or violence “abnormal”? It’s more important to understand behavior (and symptoms) then worry about labels.
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Classifying Psychological Disorders (medical approach dominates) DSM-IV American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders presently distributed as DSM-IV-TR (text revision)
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Classifying Psychological Disorders Neurotic Disorder usually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function socially Psychotic Disorder person loses contact with reality experiences irrational ideas and distorted perceptions
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Rates of Psychological Disorders
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Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Disorders distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety Generalized Anxiety Disorder person is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal Persistence (out of control) Problem in identifying source
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Anxiety Disorders Panic Disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensation Person comes to fear the panic attack itself and start to avoid any situations or places that might provoke an attack
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Anxiety Disorders Phobia persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
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Anxiety Disorders Common and uncommon fears
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Anxiety Disorders
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Causes: Learning Perspective Fears are learned thought classical conditioning Stimulus generalization often occurs Development of behaviors to avoid the anxiety Perhaps also through observational learning
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Causes: Biological Influence Research with identical twins and non-human primates suggest a genetic aspect
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Anxiety Disorders PET Scan of brain of person with Obsessive/ Compulsive disorder High metabolic activity (red) in frontal lobe areas involved with directing attention (impulse control and executive function) Effectiveness of drug therapy
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Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Disorders conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings Not uncommon when in a highly traumatic situation to feel “removed” from the situation. Problem is when this becomes more then a brief situation
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Dissociative Disorder Dissociative Identity Disorder rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities formerly called multiple personality disorder At Issue: Is it a real phenomena Skeptics– Everyone has difference aspects of their personality. These get exaggerated by person and perhaps encourage by therapist Believers– Personality differences are dramatic (even handedness might be effected) and person may have many personalities (e.g., 3 faces of eve– 28) Origins from sever trauma especially in childhood Both may be right
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Personality Disorders Personality Disorders (vs. mood disorder) disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
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Types of Personality Disorders Fearful, afraid of rejection, withdrawn Extreme eccentrics– “The Character” Narcissistic– Over exaggerates self importance Borderline– Unstable identity, emotions, relationships, etc.
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Personality Disorders Antisocial Personality Disorder disorder in which the person (usually man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist Most criminals do not have this– they show concern for family and friends
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Mood Disorders Boys who were later convicted of a crime showed relatively low arousal
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Personality Disorders PET scans illustrate reduced activation in a murderer’s frontal cortex Normal Murderer
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Personality Disorders
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Mood Disorders Mood Disorders characterized by emotional extremes Major Depressive Disorder a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities
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Mood Disorders Manic Episode a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state Bipolar Disorder a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania formerly called manic-depressive disorder
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Mood Disorders-Depression Canadian depression rates
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Mood Disorders- Suicide
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Mood Disorders-Bipolar PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional switches Depressed state Manic state Depressed state
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Mood Disorders-Depression Altering any one component of the chemistry-cognition-mood circuit can alter the others
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Mood Disorders-Depression The vicious cycle of depression can be broken at any point
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Schizophrenia Schizophrenia literal translation “split mind” a group of severe disorders characterized by: disorganized and delusional thinking disturbed perceptions inappropriate emotions and actions
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Schizophrenia Delusions false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders Hallucinations sensory experiences without sensory stimulation
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Schizophrenia
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Causes of Schizophrenia Evidence of both chemical and anatomical differences in the brain There are clear genetic predispositions
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Schizophrenia
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Causes of Schizophrenia Viral infections during pregnancy? Role of environment is unclear
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The End Is Psychology a Science? Future Courses