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Prevention Control and Treatment of Malaria PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Malaria is a major health problem of the world especially developing countries.NO VACCINE FOR MALARIA IS AVAILABLE TILL NOW. So prevention is always preferred. For people travelling to endemic areas from non endemic areas, chemoprophylaxis provides great protection. As malaria has no extra-human reservoir. Its eradication is theoretically possible by elimination of the vector mosquito and treatment of patients and carriers. Antimalarial therapy should ideally destroy all asexual forms of the parasite in order to cure the clinical illness, eliminate sporozoites and exoerythrocytic forms to prevent relapse, and kill gametocytes to block transmission to the vector mosquito. No single drug satisfies all these objectives and combinations of drugs are therefore necessary.

Tags : Malaria, Prevention,Treatment of Malaria,Malaria Treatment,Malaria disease,flu

Published on : Sep 19, 2023 | Views : 821 | Downloads : 2

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PREVENTION, CONTROL AND TREATMENT OF MALARIA Yusuf Kagzi, MBBS Student M.G.M Medical College, Indore India
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PREVENTION OF MALARIA Malaria is a major health problem of the world especially developing countries. NO VACCINE FOR MALARIA IS AVAILABLE TILL NOW. So prevention is always preferred. Personal protection against mosquito bites - Anopheles mosquito has a nocturnal feeding habit and it bites usually at night. Mosquito nets/ITNs (treated with insecticides like permethrin), topical insect repellants on exposed areas of skin (odomos etc.) Light coloured full sleeved clothing allowing minimum skin exposure are also useful.
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Vector Control - Don’t allow accumulation of stagnant water in residential as it is a breeding ground for mosquitoes. DDT was the first introduced insecticide for mosquito control but now due to increased resistance and biomagnification of DDT in species, its use is discouraged. Insecticide sprays, coils etc. can be used to prevent mosquitoes. Chemoprophylaxis - For people travelling to endemic areas from non endemic areas, chemoprophylaxis provides great protection. Prophylaxis should begin on the day of arrival and continued for 4 - 6 weeks after departure. It depends upon type of malaria endemic to that place, the duration of potential exposure to vectors, parasite resistance pattern, level and seasonality of transmission, age and pregnancy. Drugs used for this purpose are chloroquin, amodiaquin, and fansidar in weekly doses or doxycyline daily.
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IMMUNITY FOR MALARIA It can either be Acquired or Innate. Innate Immunity - Invasion of RBCs by merozoites of P. vivax require a duffy blood group antigen (Fya & Fyb). So, individuals who lack duffy antigen are refractory to malaria by P. vivax. West african people lack duffy antigen and hence P. vivax malaria is not prevalent there. HbF in neonates also protects them from malaria. Plasmodium can’t multiply in sickle red blood cells. So people with sickle cell trait are naturally immune to developing malaria. In african areas hyperendemic for P. falciparum malaria, Sickle cell trait provides natural selection advantage. Spleen has important role in immunity against malaria and hence splenectomy increases susceptibility for malaria. G6PD deficiency, HLA B53, severe malnutrition and iron deficiency may also provide some protection against malaria.
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Acquired Immunity - Infection with malaria parasites induces specific immunity which can bring about clinical cure, but cannot lead to complete elimination of parasites from the body. It can prevent superinfection, but is not powerful enough defence against re-infection. This state of resistance in an infected host, which is associated with continued asymptomatic parasitic infection is called premunition. The host is resistant to fresh infection (superinfection) as long as the pre-existing infection continues even though in subclinical form. But once the infection is eradicated, the immunity does not persist for long and is not capable of preventing subsequent infection (re-infection). Specific immunity is evident in endemic areas where infants below the age of 3 months are protected by passive maternal antibodies. Young children are highly susceptible to malaria. As they grow up they acquire immunity by subclinical or clinical infections so that the incidence of malaria is low in older children and adults. Immunity appears to be strain-specific and one infection may not be protective against infection by a different strain of the same species of thc parasite. In endemic areas, repeated infections by multiple strains broadens the scope of immunity
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TREATMENT OF MALARIA Antimalarial therapy should ideally - destroy all asexual forms of the parasite in order to cure the clinical illness eliminate sporozoites and exoerythrocytic forms to prevent relapse kill gametocytes to block transmission to the vector mosquito No single drug satisfies all these objectives and combinations of drugs are therefore necessary. Chloroquine (600 mg statum, 300 mg after 6 hours, 300 mg daily for the next two days) - This treatment kills all blood schizonts but is ineffective against exo-erythrocytic schizonts.
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P. vivax and P. ovale infections, a tissue schizonticidal drug such as primaquine (15 mg daily for 5 days) should be administered. In drug resistant P.falciparum malaria, combination of sulphadoxine and pyrimethamine (fansidar) or mefloquine is useful. In severe drug resistant cases, intravenous quinine is life saving. Artemether, artesunate etc. are also highly effective and safe antimalarials.
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CONTROL OF MALARIA As malaria has no extra-human reservoir. Its eradication is theoretically possible by elimination of the vector mosquito and treatment of patients and carriers. The Government of India had launched these programmes for control of malaria- NATIONAL MALARIA CONTROL PROGRAMME in 1953 which brought down the annual incidence of malaria from 75 million in 1953 to 2 million in 1958. NATIONAL MALARIA ERADICATION PROGRAMME in 1958 with the objective of the ultimate eradication of the disease. By 1961, the incidence dropped to an all-time low of 50,000 cases and no deaths. But after that malaria continued to spread and by 1995, it had covered virtually all parts of India and is a serious health issue till date.
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Thank You