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Overview of Amino Acid Metabolism PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical titled "OVERVIEW OF AMINO ACID METABOLISM".

This medical gives an overview of the metabolism of amino acids.

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, but they also play important roles in many other metabolic pathways in the body. The metabolism of amino acids can be divided into three main processes, viz., Protein breakdown, Amino acid synthesis and Amino acid degradation.

The fate of an amino acid depends on its metabolic state and the bodys metabolic needs. For example, amino acids can be used to synthesize neurotransmitters, hormones, and nucleotides, or they can be used to produce energy or build new proteins. Some amino acids can also be converted into other non-protein compounds, such as creatine and heme.

Overall, amino acid metabolism is a complex process that plays a vital role in maintaining cellular function and overall health.

Tags : metabolism of amino acids, metabolic pathways, endocrinology, endocrinology

Published on : Apr 21, 2023 | Views : 743 | Downloads : 1

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Slide 1-

OVERVIEW OF AMINO ACID METABOLISM ENVIRONMENT ORGANISM Ingested protein Bio- synthesis Protein AMINO ACIDS Nitrogen Carbon skeletons Urea Degradation (required) 1 2 3 a b Purines Pyrimidines Porphyrins c c Used for energy pyruvate α-ketoglutarate succinyl-CoA fumarate oxaloacetate acetoacetate acetyl CoA (glucogenic) (ketogenic)
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NITROGEN BALANCE Nitrogen balance = nitrogen ingested - nitrogen excreted (primarily as protein) (primarily as urea) Nitrogen balance = 0 (nitrogen equilibrium) protein synthesis = protein degradation Positive nitrogen balance protein synthesis > protein degradation Negative nitrogen balance protein synthesis < protein degradation
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TRANSAMINATION
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UREA CYCLE mitochondria cytosol Function: detoxification of ammonia (prevents hyperammonemia)
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FATE OF THE CARBON SKELETONS Carbon skeletons are used for energy. Glucogenic: TCA cycle intermediates or pyruvate (gluconeogensis) Ketogenic: acetyl CoA, acetoacetyl CoA, or acetoacetate
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Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism
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Major Bases
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Source of each atom in the purine ring
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Summary and Regulation
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Inhibition of Purine Biosynthesis by the Antitumor Agent, 6-Mercaptopurine 6-Mercaptopurine is converted to a nucleotide. The nucleotide inhibits purine biosynthesis at steps 2, 12a, 12b, and 13a.
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Major Bases Cytosine (C) Uracil (U) Thymine (T)
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Sources of the atoms of the pyrimidine ring:
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DNA and RNA Degradation
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“Salvage Pathway” for Purines (~90%) Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
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Degradation of Purines (~10%)
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Allopurinol Inhibits xanthine oxidase X X
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Heme
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Structure
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Porphyrias
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hemoglobin globin heme free amino acids degraded (bilirubin) Fe (reutilized)
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HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA -- elevated bilirubin in serum (above 1 mg/dL) -- can be conjugated or unconjugated or both depending on the situation -- elevated bilirubin can diffuse into tissues, making them appear yellow (jaundice)
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HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA Clinical Consequences: -- Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia: benign -- Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia: benign at concentrations < 25 mg/dL (albumin capacity) -- At concentrations >25 mg/dL, unconjugated bilirubin is free (uncomplexed) and can enter the brain.
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Causes of JAUNDICE Hemolytic anemia --  destruction of erythrocytes Hepatitis or cirrhosis --  conjugation and excretion of bilirubin Bile duct obstruction -- conjugated bilirubin not delivered to intestine; it backs up, spills over into the blood Neonatal “physiological jaundice” -- immature hepatic system of the newborn:  uptake, conjugation, excretion of bilirubin