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Description : Medical anglicisms in our tudays practics

Tags : anglicisms,medical terminology,anglicisms in medical terminology

Published on : Mar 21, 2024 | Views : 289 | Downloads : 0

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“Anglicisms in medical terminology: genesis, translation and ways of forming medical terms” Kate Gerashchenko Student of 2 course, 2 med. fac., 16m Tutor: Myroshnychenko Elena Anatolyevna
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An ANGLICISM is a word or construction borrowed from English by another language. There are a lot of Anglicisms in Ukrainian language which are from many sides of human life. English-Ukrainian language contacts have a long history. Their beginning is associated with the development of trade relations with England in the 16th century. (and later with America). Since then, the vocabulary of the Ukrainian language has been systematically replenished with more and more borrowings from the English language (both from its British and American versions). Most of the borrowings available in the sublanguage of medicine penetrated in the XIX-XX centuries: антисептик, апендикс, асептика, дальтонізм, диспансер, лівер, тік (XIX в.), генетика, геном, гіпнотін, донор, лазер (XX в.) і т.д. Most of the English words were converted into Ukrainian using transliteration: Uromodulin – Уромодулін, Electroporation – Электропорація, Undulin – Ундулін, Ultrodex – Ультродекс, Tripsin – Трипсин, Triplet – Триплет, Zymosan – Зимозан, Zymogen – Зимоген, Volumeter – Волюметр. Таблиця 1Англійські кальки в українській медичній термінології
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Таблиця 2Інтернаціональні медичні терміни Most of the English loanwords were borrowed, in turn, from Latin or Greek. A huge mass of Greek words in all eras has been a source of enrichment scientific vocabulary of Europe and the whole world. These words are usually international in nature. Despite some differences in the pronunciation of these words in different languages, they, nevertheless, are understandable to medical specialists without translation.
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Medical translation is one of the most in demand, most complex and most procedural types of translation. Medical English is an important scientific and technological style, with a derivative and more formal vocabulary. The medical English translation is also different from other English style translation. Medical translation, together with religious translation, may be one of the oldest domains of translation: the sufferings of the body and soul have always been our central preoccupation. For successful translation it is necessary to understand and use proper specific vocabulary or in other words, terminology. Medical terminology is a “system of system”.
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An important point is that the translation should be faithful to the original content, accurate, complete and scientific expression of the original content, without any alteration, distortion, omission, or any additions or deletions phenomenon. There are some problems during the translation of medical terms which include several factors such as great number of synonyms, wide usage of abbreviations and acronyms, enriching of medical vocabulary, presence of so-called “false friends”. During the translation we should remember although certain words may look and sound similar in the two languages, they do not always have the same meanings in up-to-date usage. This can create confusion and mistakes when translating terms that share the same origins but have evolved differently over time. Sometimes terms that seem alike can have very different definitions – as with the words “glands” (залози) in English and «гланди» (tonsils) in Ukrainian!
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A “false friend” is a word in another language that appears similar to one in your own but has a contrasting meaning. The vocabulary of most languages contains a lot of words which are common for two or three languages. It can be explained by definite historical reasons: the origin of some languages, communication of nations, borrowings from Greek and Latin. Sometimes terms that seem alike can have very different definitions – as with the words “angina” (стенокардія) in English and «ангіна» (quinsy) in Ukrainian!
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The most common medical “false friends” in English and Ukrainian : ангіна – хвороба горла, angina – стенокардія, презерватив – протизаплідний препарат, preservative – консервант, комунікабельний – товариський; communicable – заразне, інфекційне захворювання; презентація – представлення будь – чого, presentation – акушерське передлежання, опис випадку; гланди – tonsils, glands – залози у цілому. The translation of the term “symptomatic” can be translated not only – симптоматичний, the meaning can be the following – з клінічними проявами, for example: symptomatic hypertension – артеріальна гіпертонія з клінічними проявами, we can’t translate it as – симптоматична артеріальна гіпертонія, but symptomatic therapy – симптоматична терапія. Next problem faced by medical translators is the free use of abbreviations and acronyms in the field of medicine. The language of medicine is in constant change and development. New terms are added, other ones become redundant. Synonymous medical terms can also pose problems for translation. For instance, in English language the word «хвороба» is also known by other terms like “illness”, “sickness”, “disease”.
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Main types of word-formation 1. Derived medical terms can consist of a prefx, one or two word roots, and a sufx in various combinations, as witnessed in the following examples: myocardium = myo- (prefx) + card(ium) (root) endocarditis = endo- (prefx) + card (root) + -itis (sufx) cytology = cyt(o) (root) + -logy (sufx) gastroenterology = gastr(o) (root) + enter(o) (root) + -logy (sufx) adenoma = aden(o) (root) + oma (sufx) 2. A compound word is a fxed expression made up of more than one word, e.g. human being, blood donor, hay fever, Black Death. While in German compound words are easily recognizable because they are always written together, in English writing of the compound words varies. Compound words may be written: 1. as two/three words: blood pressure, blood group, heart attack, sleep walker, central nervous system; 2. with a hyphen: life-span, collar-bone, birth-control; or 3. as one word: gallstone, haemophilia, leucocytopenia, pseudopolycytemia.
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3. The forming of multi-word phrases, e.g. Acquired Immune Defciency Syndrome, Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, which successively undergo process of abbreviation because they are too long and uneconomical. Many English abbreviations have become in ternationally so well-known that many laymen may not know their English fullforms (AIDS, HIV, BSE, SARS, and IBS). 4. An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase. Abbreviations arise in written language and their spoken varieties can be either only a graphic one (g – gram, h – hour) or both a graphic and phonetic one, e.g. (G.P.) for general practitioner or an acronymic one e.g. [eits] for AIDS, which developed from its initialism. According to Crystal, acronyms are initialisms pronounced as single words, like HIV (Human Immunodefciency Virus). Sometimes acronym can be formed from parts of words as in Ameslan (American Sign Language). Normally acronyms and initialisms are regarded as subgroups of abbreviations. Initialisms are very popular in written medical English to shorten long descriptive terms. For instance terms from biochemistry such as: deoxyribonucleic acid " DNA, ribonucleic acid " RNA, adenosine triphosphate " ATP; clinical medicine: acute lymphocytic leukaemia " ALL, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia " CLL, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura " TTP, autoimmune thrombocytopenia" AITP, idiopathic thrombocytopenia " ITP, etc.
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Omnium artium medicina nobilissima