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Hypertension PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical PowerPoint presentation titled "HYPERTENSION".

This medical PowerPoint presentation talks about Hypertension. Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a medical condition characterized by a sustained elevation of blood pressure above the normal range. Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood against the walls of blood vessels as it circulates through the body.

The normal range for blood pressure is considered to be around 120/80 mmHg. When blood pressure consistently exceeds 130/80 mmHg, it is considered to be elevated or hypertensive. Hypertension is a major risk factor for several health conditions such as heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, and vision loss.

There are two types of hypertension: primary (essential) hypertension and secondary hypertension. Primary hypertension is the most common type and has no identifiable cause, whereas secondary hypertension is caused by an underlying medical condition such as kidney disease or hormonal imbalances.

Tags : Hypertension, high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, cardiology

Published on : Mar 17, 2023 | Views : 1872 | Downloads : 5

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HYPERTENSION Pathological classification- BENIGN (ESSENTIAL) HYPERTENSION- left ventricular hypertrophy left ventricular dilatation disease of arterioles and small arteries MALIGNANT HYPERTENSION- markedly raised diastolic blood pressure, and progressive renal disease Give rise to many consequences
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Etiological factors- Essential hypertension or idiopathic (92-95%) Secondary hypertension- Renal causes Endocrine causes Cardio-vascular Stress Psychogenic
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Regulators of blood pressure
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Etiopathogenesis of Essential hypertension Essential hypertension- Genetic factors- Single gene disorder Multiple gene disorder Environmental factors
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Single gene disorder- CYP11B2 gene-aldosterone synthase CYP11B1 SCNNIB Multiple gene disorder- Angiotensinogen and angiotensin receptor gene Prorenin receptor gene
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Essential hypertension pathogenesis-
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Etiopathogenesis of secondary hypertension 1- renal causes Reno-vascular Renal parenchymal Excess renin secretion- nephroblastoma 2-Endocrine causes- Cushing syndrome Pheochromocytoma 3-oral contraceptive Angiotensinogenangiotensin2-> increase blood pressure
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Pathogenesis in secondary hypertension 1-Renovascular hypertension 2-Hypertensive heart disease
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Genesis of renovascular hypertension
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Hypertensive heart disease
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Genetic aspect of hypertension
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Gene classification renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system(MAJORITY) sodium system genes signal transduction system genes endothelial system genes neurohormonal and adrenergic genes
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The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system REN gene located at the 1q32 Angiotensinogen (AGT) gene located on chromosome 1q42-43 angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) is located on chromosome 17q23 AGTR1 gene-located at chromosome 3q21-25
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AGTR2 gene is located on the X-chromosome CYP11B2 gene coded for aldosterone synthase ,located on chromosome 8q22
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Other genes ECE1 gene- chr 1 HYT3 gene –chr 2 AGTR1A gene on chromosome region 3q21-q25, Caucasians adducin-1 (ADD1) on chromosome band 4p16.3 has been associated with salt-sensitive essential HT HYT6-high renal function on chromosome 5p
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Endotheline converting enzyme (ECE1) Angiotensin II Receptor Type 1(AGTR1A) Hypertension, Essential, Susceptibility To, 3 (HYT-3)
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CYP3A5 gene on chromosome band 7q22.1 NOS3 gene-7q36 pregnancy-induced HT Locus in chromosome 11q- Mexican-Americans HYT4 gene- chromosome 12 -Chinese family
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CONSEQUENCES OF HYPERTENSION KIDNEY BRAIN HEART EYE
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Hyaline arteriolosclerosis. Arterioles show homogeneous, pink hyaline thickening with associated luminal narrowing Hyperplastic Arteriolosclerosis. severe hypertension; laminated (“onion-skin”) thickening of the walls
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MORPHOLOGY Hyaline arteriolosclerosis Hyperplastic Arteriolosclerosis
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Hypertensive changes in Kidney Benign nephrosclerosis- Gross- fibrosed and contracted kidney Also called granular contracted kidney Microscopy- hyaline arteriosclerosis Tubular atrophy Interstitial fibrosis Glomerulosclerosis Periglomerular fibrosis
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Malignant nephrosclerosis- Gross- Flea bitten kidney (multiple red colored pin point dots) Microscopy- necrotising arteriolitis Hyperplastic arteriolitis (onion skin)
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KIDNEY Malignant hypertension (flea bitten)
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KIDNEY(malignant hypertension)
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Renal arteriolar wall in malignant hypertension
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Hypertensive changes in heart 1-Narrowing of the arteries-coronary heart disease (CHD) 2-Thickening and enlargement of the heart-Left ventricular hypertrophy(LVH)
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Gross- Early stage- concentric hypertrophy of myocardium Late- cardiomegaly Microscopy- Early- enlargement of myocyte Late stage-disorganised arrangement of myocyte with variable size
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HEART
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Atherosclerotic plaque cause IHD
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Hypertensive encephalopathy Cerebral edema Cerebral infarct Lacunar infarct Intracerebral hemorrhage Petechial hemorrhage Fibrinoid necrosis of arteriole
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Lacunar infarct Cerebral infarct
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Cerebral infarct(12– 24hrs)
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Hypertensive retinopathy Retinal changes- Narrowing of arterioles Flame shaped hage Waxy exudates Micro infarction of nerve fibre(cotton wool spot) papilloedema
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Hypertensive retinopathy
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cotton-wool spot
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