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Epidemiology of Periodontal Diseases PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical PowerPoint presentation titled "Epidemiology of Periodontal Diseases”.

This medical PowerPoint presentation is about Periodontal diseases are a group of inflammatory conditions affecting the supporting tissues of teeth, including the gums, ligaments, and bone. The two main forms of periodontal disease are gingivitis, which is a reversible inflammation of the gum tissue, and periodontitis, which is a more severe form of the disease that can lead to the loss of teeth.

Epidemiological studies have shown that periodontal diseases are prevalent worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), severe periodontal disease affects between 5% and 20% of the global population, with higher rates reported in low- and middle-income countries.

The incidence and prevalence of periodontal diseases are influenced by several risk factors, including age, genetics, smoking, diabetes, poor oral hygiene, and systemic diseases such as HIV/AIDS.

Age is a major risk factor for periodontal disease, with the prevalence of the disease increasing with age. A study conducted in the United States found that almost half of adults aged 30 years and older had some form of periodontal disease, while nearly two-thirds of adults aged 65 years and older had the disease.

Smoking is another significant risk factor for periodontal disease. Smokers have a higher risk of developing periodontitis and are more likely to experience tooth loss than non-smokers.

Diabetes is also associated with an increased risk of periodontal disease. People with poorly controlled diabetes are more likely to develop periodontal disease and are at higher risk of experiencing more severe forms of the disease.

Poor oral hygiene is a significant risk factor for periodontal disease. Failure to brush and floss regularly can lead to the accumulation of dental plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that can irritate the gums and cause inflammation.

In summary, periodontal diseases are prevalent worldwide and are influenced by several risk factors, including age, genetics, smoking, diabetes, poor oral hygiene, and systemic diseases. Preventive measures such as good oral hygiene practices, regular dental check-ups, and risk factor control can help reduce the incidence and severity of periodontal disease.

Tags : Periodontal Diseases, Dentistry, dental medicine, oral medicine, dental medicine PowerPoint presentation

Published on : Jun 20, 2023 | Views : 919 | Downloads : 2

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Slide 1-

Epidemiology of Periodontal Diseases
Slide 2-

Epidemiology, derived from Greek word epi, meaning "upon, among", demos, meaning "people, logos, meaning "study,
Slide 3-

What is Epidemiology? The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states in populations, and the application of this study to control health problems Basic Science of Public Health
Slide 4-

Public Health deals with health of Community group or population Clinical practice deals with health of an individual.
Slide 5-

Epidemiology Definition implies Determining amount & distribution of disease Investigation of causes of disease Applying this knowledge for control of disease
Slide 6-

The final purpose of Epidemiology is to apply the knowledge gained through studies to Promote Health Protect Health Restore Health
Slide 7-

Distribution of diseases Distribution of diseases/periodontal diseases in populations is not random Some members or subgroups of the population are more susceptible Physical, biologic, behavioral, cultural and social factors
Slide 8-

Epidemiology in periodontics should provide information about: Prevalence & severity Risk factors Effectiveness of preventive & therapeutic measures
Slide 9-

Classification of Periodontal Diseases Numerous Classifications existed in the past World workshop in periodontics 1989 AAP classification 1999
Slide 10-

Periodontal Diagnosis Great importance Distinguishing between “Normal” & “Abnormal” is based on thresholds Thresholds are derived from epidemiological studies
Slide 11-

Study Designs Cross-sectional studies Prevalence Case-control studies Risk Indicators (rare diseases) Cohort studies Incidence
Slide 12-

Definitions Prevalence Incidence Sensitivity Specificity Positive predictive value Negative predictive value
Slide 13-

Prevalence Proportion of persons in a population who have the disease at a given point or period of time Prevalence = No of persons with disease No of persons in the population
Slide 14-

Incidence Average percentage of unaffected persons who will develop the disease of interest during a given period of time Incidence = No of new cases No of persons at risk
Slide 15-

Incidence of periodontal diseases in a strict sense is almost impossible at the present level of knowledge.
Slide 16-

Sensitivity Proportion of subjects with the disease who test positive Sensitivity = No of subjects who test positive No of subjects with disease
Slide 17-

Specificity Proportion of subjects without the disease who test negative Specificity = No of subjects who test negative No of subjects without disease Sensitivity and specificity are useful in choosing the test
Slide 18-

Predictive Value Once the result of a test is ready: what are the chances that it is right or wrong? Predictive value
Slide 19-

Predictive Value Positive predictive value of a test: Probability that a person with a positive test has the disease Negative Predictive Value: probability that a person with a negative test does not have the disease
Slide 20-

True Disease Status
Slide 21-

Periodontal Indices Techniques employed in periodontal epidemiology to quantitate clinical conditions on a graduated scale to facilitate comparison among populations Complete periodontal examination is Superior BUT Time consuming Does not translate clinical conditions into numerical data
Slide 22-

Ideal Index Simple & quick to use Accurate Reproducible Quantitative
Slide 23-

Indices Gingival health/bleeding Plaque Calculus Attachment loss Radiographic bone loss Treatment needs
Slide 24-

Periodontal Indices Indices measuring the degree of gingival inflammation Example: Gingival index (GI; Löe & Silness; 1967) Modified Gingival Index (Lobene et al, 1986)
Slide 25-

Periodontal Indices Indices used to measure periodontal destruction Example: Periodontal Index (PI, Russel; 1956) Periodontal Disease Index ( Ramfjord, 1959)
Slide 26-

Periodontal Indices Indices used to measure plaque accumulation Example: Plaque Index (Silness & Löe, 1964)
Slide 27-

Periodontal Indices Indices used to measure calculus Example: Calculus component of the PDI
Slide 28-

Periodontal Indices Indices used to assess treatment needs Example: Community Periodontal Index Of Treatment Needs (CPITN) Ainamo et al, 1977
Slide 29-

Prevalence of Periodontal Diseases National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey NHANES I (1971-1974) NHANES III (1988-1994) NIDR (1985-1986) Difficult to compare results
Slide 30-

Prevalence of Periodontal Diseases Geographic distribution More than 70% of adults have some degree of gingivitis or periodontitis Gingivitis and calculus are more prevalent and severe in developing countries
Slide 31-

Gingivitis At the population level Found in early childhood Prevalence & severity in adolescence Prevalence of gingivitis in USA among population aged 13 and older= 54%
Slide 32-

Gingival BleedingNHANES III Highest among 13-17 yr old (63%) Declined through 35- to 44-yr-old group Increased in 45- to 54- yr old group
Slide 33-

Gingivitis In Adults First national survey in US (1962): 85% of men & 79% of women had gingivitis ??Gingivitis has declined in developed countries??
Slide 34-

Prevalence of Chronic Periodontitis Depends on: Population & Threshold definition NHANES III: > 1mm prevalence=99% : > 3mm AL in at least one site of the mouth= 53% : > 7mm =7%
Slide 35-

Prevalence of Aggressive Periodontitis Differs with populations In the US: 0.13%, 0.53% and 1% prevalence has been reported
Slide 36-

Confusion Confusion in interpreting data from older studies, due to differences in measurement Severity of periodontitis according to AAP CAL (PAL; LPA)
Slide 37-

Incidence of Periodontitis Longitudinal study of periodontitis on 480 tea workers in Sri Lanka (Löe et al 1986) Revealed natural history of disease Parallel Study in Norway
Slide 38-

Results 8% rapid progression 81% moderate progression 11% no progression beyond gingivitis GR progresses on all surfaces In Norway; upper SES: GR buccally Reason for CAL in both groups
Slide 39-

RISK
Slide 40-

Environmental Smoking Host Susceptibility Genetic Acquired Periodontal Diseases Bacteria Colonisation Invasion Destruction
Slide 41-

Aetiology Risk Factors Susceptibility factors Severity factors
Slide 42-

Risk Identified in terms of: Risk Factors Risk Indicators Risk predictors (Pihlstrom, 2001)
Slide 43-

Risk factors Identified through Longitudnal studies Examples Tobacco Smoking Diabetes Pathogenic Bacteria Microbial tooth deposits
Slide 44-

Risk Determinants Also called Background Characteristics Cannot be modified Examples Genetic factors Age Gender Socioeconomic status Stress
Slide 45-

Risk Indicators Are probable risk factors that have been identified in Crossectional studies but not in longitudnal studies Examples HIV/AIDS Osteoporosis Infrequent dental visits
Slide 46-

Risk markers/ Predictors Are associated with increased risk for disease but do not cause disease Identified in Crosssectional and longitudnal studies Examples Previous history of Periodontal disease Bleeding on probing
Slide 47-

Gender & Race Men have poorer periodontal health than women, in terms of LPA, pockets and subgingival calculus Women have better oral hygiene No established differences in susceptibility to chronic periodontitis
Slide 48-

Gender Aggressive Periodontitis Studies on Europeans show higher prevalence of aggressive periodontitis in FEMALES > MALES Studies on Africans or African Americans: MALES > FEMALES Gender is related to race (risk factors)
Slide 49-

Age Cross-sectional studies: Greater prevalence & severity of CALwith age Does not mean greater susceptibility Cumulative progression of lesions over time Sri Lankan study: 3 groups Increased CAL with age (cumulative effect) Increased susceptibility
Slide 50-

Age Conclusion Susceptibility determines age of onset (CAL or attachment loss) increases with age in the group susceptible to aggressive periodontitis
Slide 51-

Socioeconomic Status (SES) Gingivitis & poor OH Low SES Subgingival calculus Low SES Relationship between periodontitis & SES is less direct Higher prevalence of attachment & alveolar bone loss with lower SES
Slide 52-

Oral Hygiene Classic studies (Löe et al, 1965) Plaque Gingivitis Plaque & calculus correlate poorly with severe periodontitis Quantity of plaque correlates poorly with periodontitis Sensitive aetiologic factor in susceptible individuals
Slide 53-

Local Factors Example: overhangs Epidemiologically: Of minor importance in aetiology of periodontal diseases
Slide 54-

Nutrition Insufficient studies Vitamin C deficiency Vitamin B6 & B12 deficiency Iron deficiency
Slide 55-

Smoking NHANES I: 1971-1975 Smoking Periodontal Disease clear association Independent of OralHygiene , age & other factors
Slide 56-

Smoking Higher prevalence of periodontitis among smokers Smoking suppresses vascular reaction to plaque Twice as many smokers require dentures after age 50 93%-97% of patients with refractory sites are smokers
Slide 57-

Smoking is a major Risk Factor for Periodontitis
Slide 58-

Systemic Diseases Diabetes Mellitus HIV infection CVS diseases
Slide 59-

Diabetes Mellitus Known risk factor for periodontitis Periodontitis: classic complication of DM Both types I ( IDDM) & and II (NIDDM) IDDM patients: more gingivitis & pockets IDDM: poorer glycemic control greater LPA and bone loss
Slide 60-

Diabetes Mellitus Periodontitis progresses more rapidly in poorly controlled diabetics Studies on Gila River community in Arizona : NIDDM: Greater CAL, bone & tooth loss Risk for periodontitis in NIDDM: 2.81 Risk for alveolar bone loss in NIDDM: 3.43
Slide 61-

HIV Infection Not many controlled studies Controversial results High risk for CAL, bone & tooth loss Alarming signs: NUG, NUP (not statistically)
Slide 62-

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