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Description : Check out this medical titled "DNA”.

This medical is about DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid), a molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all living organisms. It is a double-stranded helix structure consisting of four types of nucleotide bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). The sequence of these nucleotides determines the genetic information encoded in the DNA. DNA is found in the nucleus of cells and is organized into structures called chromosomes. During cell division, DNA is replicated so that each new cell receives a complete set of genetic information. DNA also serves as a template for the synthesis of RNA, which in turn directs the production of proteins that perform a wide variety of functions in the body. DNA sequencing, the process of determining the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule, has revolutionized many fields of biology and has numerous practical applications in medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology.

Tags : DNA, Deoxyribonucleic Acid, genetic instructions, double-stranded helix structure, nucleotide bases, adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, Medical Genetics, Medical Genetics

Published on : Jun 01, 2023 | Views : 553 | Downloads : 0

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DNA 1
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DNA stands for deoxyribose nucleic acid This chemical substance is present in the nucleus of all cells in all living organisms DNA controls all the chemical changes which take place in cells The kind of cell which is formed, (muscle, blood, nerve etc) is controlled by DNA The kind of organism which is produced (buttercup, giraffe, herring, human etc) is controlled by DNA DNA 2
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DNA is a very large molecule made up of a long chain of sub-units The sub-units are called nucleotides Each nucleotide is made up of a sugar called deoxyribose a phosphate group -PO4 and an organic base DNA molecule 3
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Ribose is a sugar, like glucose, but with only five carbon atoms in its molecule Deoxyribose is almost the same but lacks one oxygen atom Both molecules may be represented by the symbol Ribose & deoxyribose 4
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The most common organic bases are Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) The bases 5
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The deoxyribose, the phosphate and one of the bases adenine deoxyribose PO4 Combine to form a nucleotide Nucleotides 6
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A molecule of DNA is formed by millions of nucleotides joined together in a long chain PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 sugar-phosphate backbone + bases Joined nucleotides 7
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In fact, the DNA usually consists of a double strand of nucleotides The sugar-phosphate chains are on the outside and the strands are held together by chemical bonds between the bases 8
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PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 2-stranded DNA 9
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The bases always pair up in the same way Adenine forms a bond with Thymine and Cytosine bonds with Guanine Bonding 1 10 Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine
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PO4 PO4 PO4 thymine PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 adenine cytosine PO4 guanine Bonding 2 11
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PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 Pairing up 12
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The paired strands are coiled into a spiral called A DOUBLE HELIX 13
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sugar-phosphate chain bases THE DOUBLE HELIX 14
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A DIY model ofpart of a DNA molecule 15
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Before a cell divides, the DNA strands unwind and separate Each strand makes a new partner by adding the appropriate nucleotides The result is that there are now two double-stranded DNA molecules in the nucleus So that when the cell divides, each nucleus contains identical DNA This process is called replication replication 16
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PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 The strands separate 17
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PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 Each strand builds up its partner by adding the appropriate nucleotides 18
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The sequence of bases in DNA forms the Genetic Code A group of three bases (a triplet) controls the production of a particular amino acid in the cytoplasm of the cell The different amino acids and the order in which they are joined up determines the sort of protein being produced Genetic code 1 19
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Ser-Cyst-Val-Gly-Ser-Cyst Ala Val Val-Cyst-Ser-Ala-Ser-Cyst-Gly Val- Cyst-Ala-Ala-Ser-Gly This is a small, imaginary protein molecule showing how a sequence of 5 different amino acids could determine the shape and identity of the molecule Each amino acid (Serine, Cysteine, Valine, Glycine and Alanine) is coded for by a particular triplet of bases Genetic code 2 20
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For example Cytosine Adenine Codes for Valine Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Adenine (A) Codes for Alanine Thymine Coding 21
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This is known as the triplet code Each triplet codes for a specific amino acid CGA - CAA - CCA - CCA - GCT - GGG - GAG - CCA - Ala Val Gly Gly Arg Pro Leu Gly Ala Val Gly Gly Arg Pro Leu Gly The amino acids are joined together in the correct sequence to make part of a protein Triplet code 22
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The proteins build the cell structures They also make enzymes The DNA controls which enzymes are made and the enzymes determine what reactions take place The structures and reactions in the cell determine what sort of a cell it is and what its function is So DNA exerts its control through the enzymes DNA and enzymes 23
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A sequence of triplets in the DNA molecule may code for a complete protein Such a sequence forms a gene There may be a thousand or more bases in one gene Genes 24
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Question 1 Which of the following are components of nucleotides? (a) deoxyribose (b) amino acids (c) phosphate (d) enzymes (e) organic bases
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Question 2 Which of the following represent a correct pairing of bases? (a) adenine with thymine (b) adenine with guanine (c) thymine with adenine (d) guanine with cytosine (e) thymine with thymine
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Question 3 DNA molecules are formed from (a) organic bases (b) amino acids (c) deoxyribose (d) nucleotides
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Question 4 Which of the following are organic bases? (a) Valine (b) Guanine (c) Thymine (d) Serine
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Question 5 Replication of DNA occurs (a) During cell division (b) before cell division (c) at any time
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Question 6 A nucleotide triplet codes for (a) a protein (b) an amino acid (c) an enzyme (d) an organic base
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Answer CORRECT
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Answer INCORRECT