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Description : Check out this medical presentation on DNA, which is titled "DNA", to know what is DNA, what is it used for, and why do we need it.

Tags : DNA, Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Published on : Jul 12, 2021 | Views : 1600 | Downloads : 0

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Slide 1-

DO Now: What is DNA? What is it used for? Why do we need it? DNA
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DNA = Makes up genes for all living things. What are genes?? Blueprints for us!! Genes are parts of DNA that code for particular traits or proteins. WHAT IS IT?
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DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Dee-oxy-ribo + nuke-lay-ick +Acid
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“Double Helix” shape DNA Structure
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Nucleotides are the basic units of DNA Recognize the similarities between the terms: Nucleotide Deoxyribonucleic acid nucleus. DNA is made up of Nucleotides
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Structure of a nucleotide A nucleotide is made of 3 components: A Phosphate A Nitrogen Base - A Sugar The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose. (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
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DNA NITROGEN BASES Four bases are: Thymine Adenine Cytosine Guanine
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Base pairing The Bases pair up with bases on another strand A group of 3 bases is called a “codon.” Codons code for amino acids.
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Adenine (A) always pairs with Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) always pairs with Guanine (G) The Rule:
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James Watson (L) and Francis Crick (R), and the model they built of the structure of DNA
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X-ray diffraction photograph of the DNA double helix
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What is the general structure of DNA? Double Helix What composes the DNA “backbone” or side pieces? Deoxyribose (sugar) & Phosphate What is the name of the 3-part unit of DNA called? Nucleotide What is each nucleotide made of? Sugar (Deoxyribose) Phosphate Nitrogen Base What are the bases? Adanine, Thyamine, Cytosine, Guanine What bases pair with each other? A+T C+G What is a Codon? A group of 3 bases (codes for an amino acid) Review of DNA
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RNA
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Ribonucleic Acid What is RNA?
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Created from DNA replication Single-strand Uracil base instead of Thyamine base Ribonucleic acid Uses ribose instead of deoxyribose Structure
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Protein Synthesis What is RNA used for?
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“Messenger” RNA is used to send messages from DNA to be used elsewhere (e.g. create proteins for hormones, repair cells, help the immune system, etc.) “Transfer” RNA uses “anticodons” to put amino acids in the correct order of mRNA codons Types: mRNA & tRNA
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Protein Synthesis = Making proteins Examples include: Hormones, Enzymes, Cell parts, Immune response, etc. Two steps are involved: Transcription & Translation Protein Synthesis using RNA?
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What does it mean to Transcribe? Hint: Trans + Scribe “To re-write” or “To copy” What does it mean to Translate? Hint: Trans + Late “To determine” or “to decipher” Transcription and Translation
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The majority of genes are expressed as the proteins they encode. The process occurs in two steps: Transcription = DNA → RNA Translation = RNA → protein Transcription vs. Translation
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DNA> RNA DNA is “unzipped” and new nucleotides are added to one side (creates mRNA) This is the template to be read later Occurs in the nucleus Transcription
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Enzymes unzip the DNA molecule Free RNA nucleotides pair with their complimentary DNA base pairs If a DNA sequence were AGC TAA CCG, the RNA bases would be UCG AUU GGC When base pairing is complete, the mRNA molecule breaks away the DNA strand rejoins mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome. Steps of Transcription
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http://youtu.be/OtYz_3rkvPk http://youtu.be/5MfSYnItYvg Transcription Video
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Occurs in the Ribosome Codons from mRNA code for different amino acids and are “read” to create and assemble the protein tRNA uses “anticodons” to deposit the amino acids in the correct order Amino Acids are the building blocks of Proteins *See handout for codons and AA’s Translation: mRNA  Protein
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Not all codons code for an amino acid. Some contain instructions instead (start/stop) Stop codon: indicates that protein production stops at that point UAG, UAA, and UGA Start/Stop Codons
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tRNA (legos) tRNA brings the appropriate amino acid to the mRNA Anticodon: a series of 3 nucleotides that are the compliment of the codon Each anticodon has its specific amino acid See chart
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1) mRNA enters the Ribosome 2) tRNA attempts to bind to to complimentary codon on the mRNA If it “fits” the tRNA’s protein is deposited and the tRNA leaves Translation
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4) Strands of deposited amino acids create a protein 5) When the “stop” codon is reached (UAG) the process is finished. Translation continued..
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http://youtu.be/-zb6r1MMTkc http://youtu.be/8dsTvBaUMvw Translation Videos
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Requires mRNA & tRNA Transcription= DNA>RNA mRNA leaves the nucleus and travels to a ribosome Translation= RNA>Protein A Ribosome “reads” the mRNA codons (groups of 3 bases) and pairs the codons with anti-codons (complimentory codons) with amino acids attached The amino acids are linked to form a protein Protein Synthesis Summary
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http://youtu.be/983lhh20rGY Transcription & Translation Video
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Here is an overview.
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RNA is single stranded while DNA is double RNA sugar is ribose. DNA sugar is deoxyribose RNA contains the nitrogen base uracil (U) in place of DNA’s thymine (T) Recall differences of RNA and DNA
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DNA REPLICATION
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Occurs when cells multiply Copies the entire DNA strand REPLICTION OF DNA Chromosomes
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Replication of a portion of DNA= protein Synthesis Replication of an entire strand of DNA= replication of Chromosomes Partial or complete replication?
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DNA “unzips” like in the first step of transcription As the DNA unzips, the nucleotides are exposed Free nucleotides base pair with the exposed nucleotides If a nucleotide on the strand is a thymine, the free nucleotide that pairs with it would be adenine Replication Steps
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Replication Cont. Results in two molecules of DNA. New DNA consists of: One original strand One new strand
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DNA Replication http://youtu.be/hfZ8o9D1tus
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DNA Replication…to be continued….. Why would cells need to replicate? What kind of cells would need to be produced for YOU to survive AND reproduce?