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Developmental Genetics and Immunogenetics PowerPoint Presentation

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Published on : Aug 29, 2021 | Views : 1500 | Downloads : 2

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GENETICS A Conceptual Approach FIFTH EDITION Benjamin A. Pierce CHAPTER 22 Developmental Genetics and Immunogenetics © 2014 W. H. Freeman and Company
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22.1 Development Takes Place Through Cell Determination Totipotent cell: the cell that has the potential to develop into any cell types Determination: a cell becomes committed to a particular cell fate Cloning experiments on plants Cloning experiments on animals
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22.2 Pattern Formation in Drosophila Serves as a Model for the Genetic Control of Development The Development of the Fruit Fly Egg-Polarity Genes Determination of the dorsal-ventral axis Determination of the anterior-posterior axis Segmentation genes Homeotic genes in Drosophila Homeobox genes in other organisms Epigenetic changes in development
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22.2 Pattern Formation in Drosophila Serves as a Model for the Genetic Control of Development Egg-polarity genes: Maternal origin: determination of anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes of the embryo Morphogen: protein; its concentration gradient affects the developmental fate of the surrounding region.
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22.2 Pattern Formation in Drosophila Serves as a Model for the Genetic Control of Development Determination of the dorsal-ventral axis Dorsal gene Determination of the anterior-posterior axis Bicoid gene, nanos gene, hunchback gene
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Concept Check 1 High concentration of which protein stimulates the development of anterior structure? Dorsal Toll Bicoid Nanos
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Concept Check 1 High concentration of which protein stimulates the development of anterior structure? Dorsal Toll Bicoid Nanos
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22.2 Pattern Formation in Drosophila Serves as a Model for the Genetic Control of Development Segmentation genes: control the differentiation of the embryo into individual segments Gap genes: broad region gap differentiation Hunchback Pair-rule genes: affect alternate segments Segment-polarity genes: development of individual segments
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22.2 Pattern Formation in Drosophila Serves as a Model for the Genetic Control of Development Homeotic Genes in Drosophilia: identity of segments Homeobox Genes in Other Organisms: genes encoding DNA binding proteins; these proteins usually play a regulatory rule. Hox genes: encode transcription factors that help determine the identity of body regions Epigenetic Changes in Development
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Concept Check 2 Mutations in homeotic genes often cause: the deletion of segments. the absence of structures. too many segments. structures to appear in the wrong places.
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Concept Check 2 Mutations in homeotic genes often cause: the deletion of segments. the absence of structures. too many segments. structures to appear in the wrong places.
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22.3 Genes Control the Development of Flowers in Plants Flower Anatomy Genetic Control of Flower Development
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22.4 Programmed Cell Death Is an Integral Part of Development Apoptosis Controlled, programmed cell death Necrosis: injured cells dying in an uncontrolled manner Caspases Regulation of apoptosis Apoptosis in development Apoptosis in disease
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22.5 The Study of Development Reveals Patterns and Processes of Evolution Common genes in a developmental pathway Evolution through change in gene expression
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22.6 The Development of Immunity Is Through Genetic Rearrangement Antigen: molecules that elicit an immune reaction Antibody: proteins that binds to antigens and mark them for destruction by phagocytic cells The Organization of the Immune System Humoral immunity: the production of antibodies by B cells Cellular immunity: depends on T cells Clonal Selection: primary response, memory cells, secondary response
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22.6 The Development of Immunity Is Through Genetic Rearrangement Immunoglobulin Structure The Generation of Antibody Diversity Somatic recombination Major Histocompatibility Complex Genes Genes and Organs Transplants
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Genes and Organ Transplants Organ transplant requires genetic match Immune rejection MHC antigens The greater the mismatch, the stronger the immune rejection Rejection partially inhibited by drugs ABO red blood cell antigens also important