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Cognition In Old Age-The Good Not So Good And Potential Plasticity PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical PowerPoint presentation titled "Cognition in Old Age: The Good, Not so good and Potential plasticity” by Sherry L. Willis, PhD and K. Warner Schaie, PhD.

This medical PowerPoint presentation is about cognition in old age, the mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, and using information that become less efficient as people age. Some of the cognitive abilities that typically decline with age include working memory, processing speed, and attentional control. However, research has shown that cognitive decline is not inevitable and that there is potential for cognitive plasticity in old age.

Cognitive plasticity refers to the brains ability to change and adapt in response to new experiences and challenges. Studies have demonstrated that older adults can improve their cognitive abilities through various interventions, such as cognitive training, physical exercise, and social engagement. For example, cognitive training programs that focus on memory, attention, and problem-solving have been shown to improve cognitive function in older adults, and the effects can last for several years.

Additionally, physical exercise has been shown to improve cognitive function in older adults by promoting the growth of new neurons and synapses in the brain. Social engagement, such as participating in community activities or volunteering, can also help maintain cognitive function in old age by providing intellectual stimulation and social support.

Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that lifestyle factors such as diet, sleep, and stress management can also influence cognitive function in old age. Eating a healthy diet, getting enough sleep, and managing stress can help promote brain health and cognitive function.

Overall, while cognitive decline is a common part of aging, there is potential for cognitive plasticity in old age. Engaging in activities that promote cognitive, physical, and social well-being can help maintain and even improve cognitive function in old age.

Tags : Cognition in Old Age, Cognitive plasticity, cognitive function, Neurology, Neurology PowerPoint presentation

Published on : Jun 20, 2023 | Views : 661 | Downloads : 2

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Slide 1-

1 Cognition in Old Age: The Good, Not so good and Potential plasticity Sherry L. Willis, Ph.D. K. Warner Schaie, Ph.D. Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences University of Washington
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2 Work on the Seattle Longitudinal Study, data from which are reported here, has been supported by grants from: The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD00367, 1963-1965; HD04476, 1970-1973) National Institute of Aging (AG00480, 1973-1979; AG03544, 1982-1986; (AG04470, 1984-1989; AG08055, 1989-2006; currently AG024102, 2005-2015 and AG027759,2006-2009).
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3 Outline for Presentation: Studying Cognition in Non-demented Adults Cognition: Age Differences vs Age Differences Factors related to Individual Differences Cohort/Generational Differences Plasticity in Cognitive Aging
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4 Studying Cognition in Adulthood
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5 Abilities Studied in Aging: Verbal Ability Numeric Ability Cultural Knowledge Memory (Verbal) Inductive Reasoning (Working memory) Spatial Orientation Perceptual Speed
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6 Two Methods for Studying Cognition in Adulthood:Cross-sectional Method:Studying adults of different ages at one point in time - Age DifferencesLongitudinal Method:Studying the same adults over time as they age - Age Changes
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7 Cross-Sectional Age Differences
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8 Longitudinal Age Changes
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9 Individual Differences inCognitive Aging Historical - Cohort & Generational Differences in Cognitive Aging Education Occupation Life expectancy Chronic disease Obesity Sleep Lifestyle (e.g., exercise, cognitive engagement)
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10 Cohort Differences
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11 Educational Attainment(Birth Cohorts 1889 - 1973)
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12 Change in Verbal Ability from age 25 - 81(Grade school, HS,College, Graduate)
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13 Change in Verbal Ability (Age 25 - 81)(Unskilled, Skilled, Professional)
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14 SLS Cohort Differences (1889 - 1973)Bars Indicating the Cohorts in Flynn’s Analyses (original PMAs)
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15 Rate of Cognitive Change in Biologically Related Individuals
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16 Cognitive PlasticityWith aging, continued ability to develop cognitive skills and/or to compensate for cognitive deficits
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17 Cognitive ReserveEarlier in life building cognitive resources that serve as “reserve” in face of neural atrophy or loss
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18 Cognitive Reserve Exemplar types of reserve: Educational level Occupational skills Leisure or cultural activities Later onset of dementia or lower incidence: Higher educational level Second language facility Cognitive engagement
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19 Cognitive Engagement Engagement in work and leisure activities that are cognitively demanding Higher levels of cognitive engagement associated with: Higher level of cognitive performance Slower rate of cognitive decline
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20 3 Generations of Cognitive Intervention Research Gen 1 - Training programs focusing skills and strategies related to basic cognitive abilities Classroom setting. Small group or individual Trainer directed Feedback on performance, complexity of problems increased across sessions Limited number of sessions (5 - 10 one-hr classes) Booster sessions
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21 Cognitive Interventions:3 Generations Gen 2: Training in “real world” context focusing on leisure activities or games Leisure activities: photography, quilting, etc Limited classroom environment and trainer direction - more participant direction Lengthier training period
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22 Cognitive Interventions:3 Generations Gen 3: Focus on understanding brain mechanisms related to training and transfer of training Neuroimaging sessions before and/or after intervention Association of cognitive behavior and brain structure and function
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23 Findings from Generation 1 InterventionsSeattle Longitudinal StudyACTIVE Randomized Clinical Trial
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24 Finding: Training resulted in significant improvement on ability trained.Training effects were maintained
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25 Finding: Majority of Older adults showed reliable training gain for Speed and Reasoning Training (ACTIVE trial) Speed Training 86% vs 31 % Controls Reasoning Training 74% vs 39% Controls Memory Training 26% vs 15 % Controls
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26 Finding: Both older adults who had declined and those who were stable showed training gain.
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27 Finding: Both Young Old and Old-Old show training gain, BUTcohort differences remain (1903,1910,1917)
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28 Finding: Training gain related to subsequent dementia status
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Finding: Training Effects Maintained for 10 years! “Training to improve cognitive abilities in older people lasted to some degree 10 years after the training program was completed, according to results of a randomized clinical trial supported by the National Institutes of Health. The report, from the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) study, appears in the January 2014 issue of the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. “
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30 Finding: Participants in Speed or Reasoning Programs had fewer accidents and more likely to continue to drive.
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31 Preliminary Findings fromGen 2 Interventions Internet-based training is as effective as classroom-based training. Expands context of training. Student-directed training How effective are commercial games ? Jury is still out. Less research, no study of maintenance effects. Effects appear more global How effective is training on leisure activities (eg photography) Some global effects. More difficult to link activity to specific abilities trained Very lengthy intervention period (e.g. 1 yr)
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32 Gen 3 Interventions: Neuroimaging Research in early phases Potential contributions: Identify neural regions & functions that predict training effects Association of cognitive behavior and neural structure/function Examine whether training modifies neural structure and function (brain plasticity)
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33 Staying Mentally Fit: Good News: Staying mentally “fit” is possible for healthy, nondemented elderly Elders can remediated decline due to disuse and/or enhance functioning past prior levels
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34 Summary: Training Basic Abilities Significant training improvement can be shown with 10 training sessions Training can be delivered in many contexts - including web, internet based Training effects can be maintained for several years - up to 10 years!
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35 Limitations & Constraints: Chronic health conditions may impact ability to keep mentally fit Pathologies such as dementia impose severe limits on behavioral interventions There are individual differences in response to training
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36 The Challenge: Cognitively demanding everyday activities involve multiple abilities May need to “cross train” across a number of abilities The need to set priorities on the abilities and activities of most importance to the individual Choose challenging activities that one enjoys and will persist in doing
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37 Thank you!
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38 Everyday Task: Percent of variance Explained by Basic Abilities
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39 Everyday Task Domains(IADLs): Managing Health & Medications Managing Finances Managing Household Use Telephone & Communications Managing Transportation Shopping Food Preparation
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40
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41 Age-related Change in Everyday Tasks: 31 to 82 Years
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42 Summary: Everyday Tasks Everyday tasks are multidimensional & cognitively complex. Age-related decline occurs somewhat later for some everyday tasks. There appears to be steep decline in very old age Reliable training gain on basic abilities is associated with enhancement of everyday task performance
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43 Leisure Activities & Abilities: Accuracy in Crossword Puzzles related to: Fluid ability: r = .43 Crystallized ability: r = .63 Memory: r = .29 Speed: r = .47
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44 Increasing Number of Generations in Families