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Circulation: The Heart and Blood Vessels PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical presentation on Cardiac Arrest, which is titled "Circulation: The Heart and Blood Vessels", to know about sudden cardiac arrest treatment (Cardiopulmonary resuscitation - CPR and Automated external defibrillator - AED).

Tags : Cardiac Arrest, Circulation, Heart, Blood Vessels, cardiac arrest treatment, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, CPR, Automated external defibrillator, AED

Published on : Jun 02, 2021 | Views : 1674 | Downloads : 9

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Slide 1-

Circulation: The Heart and Blood Vessels
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Be Not Still, My Beating Heart! Heart: most durable muscle Sudden cardiac arrest treatment: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) Automated external defibrillator (AED)
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7.1 The Cardiovascular System: Moving Blood through the Body Focus: The cardiovascular system is built to rapidly transport blood to every living cell in the body.
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The Heart and Blood Vessels Make up the Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular system Heart – main pumping organ Blood vessels types: Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Capillary beds Venules Veins
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The Heart and Blood Vessels Make Up the Cardiovascular System
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Animation: Major human blood vessels
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The Cardiovascular System Helps Maintain Favorable Operating Conditions Last week
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Blood Circulation Is Essential to Maintain Homeostasis Major role in homeostasis brings oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells removes waste products from cells and excess heat
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The Cardiovascular System Is Linked to the Lymphatic System Lymphatic system: Pick up excess extracellular fluid and usable substances Return them to the cardiovascular system
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7.2 The Heart: A Double Pump Focus: In a lifetime of 70 years, the human heart beats some 2.5 billion times. This durable pump is the centerpiece of the cardiovascular system.
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The Heart Located in the center of your chest Composed of myocardium Cardiac muscular middle layer Protected by the pericardium Outermost layer Smooth lining of endocardium Inner layer
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The Heart Is Divided into Right and Left Halves KNOW THIS DIAGRAM!
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Animation: The human heart
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The Heart Has Two Halves and Four Chambers Septum: thick wall divides heart in half Chambers of the heart: Left and Right Atrium Left and Right Ventricle Valves: Atrioventricular: Tricuspid (right side) and bicuspid (left side) Semilunar Coronary arteries: branch off of the aorta Delivers blood & oxygen to the heart
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The Heart Is Divided into Right and Left Halves
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The Heart Itself Is Served by Coronary Arteries and Veins
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In a Heartbeat, the Heart’s Chambers Contract, Then Relax Heartbeat: one cycle of contraction and relaxation of the heart chambers Cardiac cycle Systole: contraction Diastole: period of time when the heart fills with blood after systole Relaxation “Lub-dup” sound Cardiac output Every 60 seconds ~5 liters/ventricle
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The Heart Beats in a Sequence Called the Cardiac Cycle
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Animation: Cardiac cycle
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7.3 The Two Circuits of Blood Flow Focus: Each half of the heart pumps blood. The two side-by-side pumps are the basis of two cardiovascular circuits through the body, each with its own set of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
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In the Pulmonary Circuit, Blood Picks Up Oxygen in the Lungs Pulmonary Circuit: Carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart. Lungs and heart only Pulmonary arteries: deoxygenated blood to lungs Pulmonary veins: oxygenated blood to heart
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Each Half of the Heart Pumps Blood in a Different Circuit
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In the Systemic Circuit, Blood Travels to and from Tissues Systemic circuit Oxygenated blood pumped by left side of heart moves through body and returns to left atrium Heart and the rest of the body Aorta Main vessel out of the left ventricle Major arteries branch off this Superior vena cava Main route of blood from head to heart Inferior vena cava Major route of blood from lower body to heart
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Each Half of the Heart Pumps Blood in a Different Circuit
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Animation: Human blood circulation
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Blood from the Digestive Tract Detours to the Liver for Filtration.
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7.4 How Cardiac Muscle Contracts Focus: Unlike skeletal muscle, which contracts only when orders arrive from the nervous system, cardiac muscle contracts—and the heart beats– spontaneously.
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Electrical Signals from “Pacemaker” Cells Drive the Heart’s Contractions Cardiac muscle have: Intercalated discs: communication junctions between cardiac muscle cells Ensures rapid electrical conduction through heart Cardiac conduction system: independent of the nervous system Sinoatrial (SA) node: cardiac pacemaker Atrioventricular (AV) node:
Slide 29-

Intercalated Discs Form Communication Junctions between Cardiac Muscle Cells
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The Cardiac Conduction System
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Animation: Cardiac conduction
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7.5 Blood Pressure Focus: Heart contractions generate blood pressure, which changes as blood moves through the cardiovascular system.
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Blood Exerts Pressure against the Walls of Blood Vessels Blood pressure: fluid pressure that blood exerts against vessel walls Systolic (ventricular contraction) and diastolic pressure (ventricular relaxation): Normal: 120/80 Hypertension Chronically elevated blood pressure Hypotension Abnormally low blood pressure
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Animation: Measuring blood pressure
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Cholesterol types High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) remove cholesterol from within arteries transport it back to the liver for excretion or re-utilization they are seen as "good" lipoproteins Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL) carry cholesterol in the blood and around the body, for use by cells commonly referred to as "bad cholesterol" due to the link between high LDL levels and cardiovascular disease
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Blood Pressure Values (mm of Hg)
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A Variety of Factors May Cause Hypertension Is this you?
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7.6 Structure and Functions of Blood Vessels Focus: As with all body parts, structure is key to the functions of blood vessels. All our vessels transport blood, but there are important differences in how different kinds manage blood flow and blood pressure.
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Arteries Are Large Blood Pipelines Outer layer: Mainly collagen Middle layer: Smooth muscle and elastin Innermost layer: Thin sheet of endothelium Carries oxygenated blood away from heart
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Blood Pressure Changes as Blood Flows through the Cardiovascular System Take pulse from arteries because of the strong pressure
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Arterioles Are Control Points for Blood Flow Wall built of smooth muscle rings over elastic tissue Dilates when smooth muscle relaxes Constricts when smooth muscle contracts Offer more resistance to blood flow than other vessels do
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Capillaries Are Specialized for Diffusion Thinnest wall of any blood vessel! Single layer of flat endothelium Site of diffusion of gases, nutrients, and wastes Extensive! 62,000 miles long Blood pressure drops slowly as blood flows through
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Venules and Veins Return Blood to the Heart Venules Function somewhat like capillaries Veins Large diameters and low-resistance transport of blood back to the heart Outer layer of connective tissue Middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibers Inner layer of endothelium Valves prevent backflow of blood varicose veins: valves don’t function properly
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Contracting Skeletal Muscles Can Increase Fluid Pressure in a Vein
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Animation: Vein function
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Animation: Vessel anatomy
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Vessels Help Control Blood Pressure Medulla Monitors resting blood pressure Vasodilation Vasoconstriction Baroreceptor reflex Keeps blood pressure within normal limits in the face of sudden changes Baroreceptors found in the carotid arteries in the neck and in the arch of the aorta
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7.7 Capillaries: Where Blood Exchanges Substances with Tissues Focus: Blood enters the systemic circulation moving swiftly in the aorta, but this speed has to slow in order for substances to move into and out of the bloodstream.
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A Vast Network of Capillaries Brings Blood Close to Nearly All Body Cells 40 billion capillaries Every cell is a diffusible distance away from a capillary Blood flow is slowest in the capillaries
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Many Substances Enter and Leave Capillaries by Diffusion Diffusion of fluids and solutes across the porous capillary walls Blood flows through the capillaries very slowly to allow this exchange
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Some of the Substances Pass through Pores in Capillary Walls Fluid movement in capillaries: Bulk flow Role of lymphatic vessels Captures excess fluid from circulatory system Help maintain blood pressure
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Animation: Capillary forces
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Blood in Capillaries Flows Onward to Venules Capillaries branch into capillary beds Precapillary sphincter Ring of smooth muscle Regulates the flow of blood into the capillary
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7.8 Cardiovascular Disease
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Major Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
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Arteries Can Clog or Weaken Atherosclerosis fatty material collects along the walls of arteries. This fatty material thickens, hardens (forms calcium deposits), and may eventually block the arteries. All adults should keep their LDL ("bad") cholesterol levels below 130-160 mg/dL.
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Plaques and Blood Clots May Clog Arteries Risk factors for atherosclerosis include: Diabetes Heavy alcohol use High blood pressure High blood cholesterol levels High-fat diet Increasing age Obesity Personal or family history of heart disease Smoking
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Arteries Can Clog or Weaken Coronary arteries Narrow and vulnerable to clogging by plaques Angina pectoris medical term for chest pain or discomfort due to coronary heart disease “Plaque-busting” drugs: statins Ways to repair coronary blockage: Coronary bypass Laser angioplasty Balloon angioplasty Aneurysm
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Heart Damage Can Lead to Heart Attack and Heart Failure Heart attack Damage or death to cardiac muscle Warning signs: Chest discomfort Discomfort in other areas of the upper body Shortness of breath cold sweat, nausea, or light-headedness Risk factors Heart Failure Weak heart and ineffective pump
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Arrhythmias Are Abnormal Heart Rhythms Electrocardiogram (ECG) Recording of the electrical activity of the cardiac cycle Arrhythmias: irregular heart rhythms Bradycardia: slower than normal heart rate Tachycardia: faster than normal heart rate Ventricular fibrillation: rapid, erratic electrical impulses
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Animation: Examples of ECGs
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7.9 Infections, Cancer, and Heart Defects Focus: Infections may seriously damage the heart.
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Myocarditis: is an inflammation of the myocardium, the middle layer of the heart wall various causes Bacterial Alcohol abuse Drug abuse
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Heart Damage May Be a Complication of Lyme Disease
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Is There Such a Thing as Heart Cancer? Rarely the first site for cancer Can be a secondary site Chemotherapy and/or radiation can damage the heart and blood vessels
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Inborn Heart Defects Are Fairly Common “Blue babies” Heart does not pump blood efficiently How is the problem corrected?