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Brain Anatomy And Physiology PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical PowerPoint presentation titled "Brain Anatomy and Physiology” by Dr. Nevo Margalit.

This medical PowerPoint presentation is about the brain, the most complex organ in the human body and is responsible for controlling all of the bodys functions, including movement, sensation, thought, and emotion. It is composed of approximately 86 billion neurons, which are specialized cells that transmit information throughout the brain and nervous system.

The brain is divided into several major regions, including the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and diencephalon. The cerebrum is the largest region of the brain and is responsible for many of the brains higher functions, such as conscious thought, memory, and language. It is divided into two hemispheres, each of which is further divided into four lobes-the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes.

The cerebellum is located at the back of the brain and is responsible for coordinating movement and balance. The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls many of the bodys involuntary functions, such as breathing and heart rate. The diencephalon is located between the brainstem and the cerebrum and contains several important structures, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland.

Neurons communicate with each other through a process called neurotransmission. When an electrical signal, or action potential, reaches the end of a neuron, it triggers the release of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters bind to receptors on nearby neurons, causing them to either fire or inhibit firing.

The brain is also heavily involved in the regulation of hormones, which are chemical messengers that are released into the bloodstream and affect various bodily functions. The hypothalamus is particularly important in this process, as it controls the release of many hormones from the pituitary gland.

Overall, the anatomy and physiology of the brain is incredibly complex and still not fully understood. However, continued research is helping to shed light on how the brain functions and how we can better understand and treat neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Tags : Brain Anatomy and Physiology, the brain, neurons, cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, diencephalon, Neurology, Neurology PowerPoint presentation

Published on : Jun 07, 2023 | Views : 745 | Downloads : 0

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Brain Anatomy and Physiology Dr. Nevo Margalit – Neurosurgery Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center
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Scalp Skin Connective tissue (superficial fascia) Epicranial aponeurosis (galea aponeurotica) Loose areolar tissue Pericranium Occipitofrontalis muscle
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Scalp
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The Skull
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The Skull
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The skull
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The MeningsThe 3 layers covering the brain Dura: covers the brain and spinal cord. The venous sinuses run through the dura. 2 additional Parts of the dura are the Tentorium and the Falx Cerebri. Arachnoid: Transparent, thin web structure. Creates a space around the brain called the sub arachnoid space where the CSF and the main blood vessels pass. Pia: a very thin layer. Coats the brain and spinal cord and is inseparable from them.
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Dura
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Tentorium and Falx
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Tentorium
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Arachnoid
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Arachnoid – Basal Cisterns
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Parts of the Central Nervous System 2 hemispheres Brainstem Cerebellum Spinal cord
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Each hemisphere has lobes: Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Temporal lobe Occipital lobe Insular lobe Limbic lobe
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Lateral View
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Insula
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Gyruses and sulci Each lobe is composed of gyruses separated by sulci The topography can be defined by histology, anatomical relationships or function
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Map Brodmann
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Gyruses and Sulci
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Functional areas
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Function 2
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Function 3
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f-MRI
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The Motor Strip
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Fibers
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Ventricles and CSF
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Ventricles and CSF CSF is produced by the choroid plexus in the ventricles The circulation is from the lateral ventricles to the third through the Monroe- aqueduct- IV ventricle- sub arachnoid space in skull and spine- absorption in sss and other sinuses through arachnoid granulations
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CSF Pathways
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CSF Pathways
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Arteries of the brain
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Arteries of the brain Anterior circulation – internal carotid artery, from common carotid in the neck. Bifurcates to MCA and ACA Posterior circulation – vertebral arteries that join to form the basilar artery that will then bifurcate to 2 PCA
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Circle of Willis Communication between 2 sides – anterior communicating (a-com) Communication between anterior and posterior circulation – posterior communicating (p-com) Many anomalies may exist
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Arteries in the neck
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Arteries in the subarachnoid space
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Arteries of the brain
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Physiology
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Blood supply to the brain The brain gets 15% of the cardiac output and 20% of the oxygen consumption The brain tissue gets in average 50ml of blood per 100gr of tissue per minute. The gray matter receives about 3 to 4 times more then the white matter Total blood supply to the brain is about 500-600ml per minute
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Factors Affecting the blood supply Autoregulation Biochemical changes – O2 and CO2 Blood brain barrier - BBB
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Autoregulation Maintains a regular blood supply to the brain in changing blood pressures The range is 50-130 mm mercury Possible mechanisms are the myogenic control, neurogenic and biochemichal control
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CO2 The most important and powerful mechanism that controls brain blood flow A change in 1mm PCO2 changes the flow in 4-5% PCO2 of 70 gives a maximal vasodilatation. Above that the flow is pressure dependent
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Hyperventilation Hyperventilation lowers the PCO2 It has a strong effect but it is limited in time Could be dangerous if not regulated- ischemia Can be regulated with a jugular bulb oximeter
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BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER The BBB is composed of the tight junctions in the endothelium cells of the blood vessels Prevents passage of large molecules and even small ions like Na and Cl Specific substances pass the BBB like glucose and amino acids
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BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER Because of the BBB, in the brain hydrostatic and oncotic pressures are not significant. The important parameter is the osmotic pressure The BBB is damages in trauma, tumor, infarct, SAH and infection
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BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER
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Brainstem and Cranial Nerves
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Brain stem Has 3 parts: midbrain, pons and medulla Transports all the information to and from the brain Centers for breathing and blood pressure The origin or endpoint for cranial nerves Contains the center of consciousness Creates connections to the cerebellum
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Nuclei in the brain stem
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Cranial nerves 12 pairs of nerves All cranial nerves except I and II originate from the brainstem The nerves are sensory, motor or mixed There are nuclei in the brainstem that are the origin or the endpoint of the cranial nerves
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CN 1- Olfactory Nerve The sensation of smell Pure sensory nerve From the nose to the forebrain Very developed in some animals Tested an odorous substance
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CN 2 - Optic N Visual information from the eye to the brain Pure sensory nerve Belongs to the CNS and is not part of the PNS Problems could result in field problem, acuity problem and more Tested with a vision chart and field exam on confrontation
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CN 3, 4, 6- occulomotor, trochlear and abbducence Nerves that control the movement of the eyes and the constriction of the pupil Pure motor nerves Problems result in unsynchronized eye movements and/ or dilated pupil Tested with the patient following a finger and with light
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CN 5 – Trigeminal N The largest CN Sensory and motor Sensation from the face eyes, mouth, and motor for mastication muscles Tested with touch and pin on face
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CN 7 – Facial N Motor nerve of the face and taste from the tongue Motor and sensory Tested with movement of the facial muscles
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CN 8 – Vestibulocochlear N The nerves for hearing and balance Sensory nerves The most common origin of a schwanoma Tested by hearing test and balance function
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CN 9 – Glossopharyngeal N Sensation from the pharynx Mainly sensory and small motor part Problems result in aspiration Tested with the gag reflex
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CN 10 – Vagus N Motor to the muscles larynx and pharynx and the parasympathetic of the body Motor nerve Problems result in hoarseness Tested by opening mouth wide and saying “AH“
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CN 11 – Accessory N Nerve to the trapezius and sternomastoid muscles Motor nerve Tested with shoulder raise or turning the head
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CN 12 – Hypoglossal N Nerve to the muscle of the tongue Motor nerve Tested with movement of the tongue
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