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Body Weight and Weight Management PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical presentation on Health and Fitness, which is titled "Body Weight and Weight Management", to know about weight management.

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Published on : Jul 12, 2021 | Views : 1695 | Downloads : 4

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Slide 1-

Body Weight and Weight Management
Slide 2-

My qualifications
Slide 3-

Key Definitions All the following definitions are based on the concept of an ideal weight Medical definition: the weight at which the individual’s health risk is lowest Aesthetic definition: varies between culture, individuals
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Key Definitions An overweight individual exceeds their ideal weight An overfat individual exceeds the recommended amount of body fat by a certain margin Obesity is a “large excess” above overfatness
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It is possible to be overweight and not be overfat Think Arnold
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Methods of Determining “ideal weight”
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Height Weight Tables: Ideal weight as measured by MetLife insurance company Doesn’t consider body composition Only intended for people 25-59 Sample they used may not be representative The weights suggested for tall people are unreasonably low
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Body Mass Index (BMI) BMI = (body mass in kg)/ (height in metres)² Ex. My BMI = (155 lbs x 1kg/2.24 lbs)/ (1.7 m)² BMI = 23.94 BMI above 25 = overweight BMI above 30 = obese Again, poor at accounting for body composition How much muscle do you have??? However, simple to figure out Good for population-based analysis
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BMI Classification James, 2001
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More Reliable Methods for Estimating Body Fat Underwater weighing Sum of skinfolds electrical impedance CAT scan
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Obesity Trends/ Statistics
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The Changing Size of North America
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Healthcare Burden of Obesity
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16 Health Risks of Overweight cardiovascular disease (CVD) hypertension Type II Diabetes pulmonary disorders sleep disorders (e.g. SLEEP APNEA) gout various cancers osteoarthritis early mortality depression
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Prevalence of obesity Higher in: Males compared to females However, women are more dissatisfied with weight than men Even though their BMIs are lower, are less overweight and have a higher prevalence of underweight Older people Poorly educated adults Rural (the country) compared to urban (the city) habitants Low income groups vs. high income groups
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Causes of Obesity
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Causes of Obesity: Causal Web Kumanyika, 2002 Too linear, no feedback loops
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Causes of Obesity: Foresight Model Take Home Message: Obesity is complex!
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Feedback loops in the Foresight model convey the complex nature of obesity and the various interactions at play Ex. Food Consumption
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Foresight Causal Obesity Nodes Food Consumption Individual Physical Activity Individual Psychology Social Psychology Physical Activity Environment Food Production Physiology
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Causes of Obesity: Food Consumption/ Individual Physical Activity (Positive Energy Balance) Physical Inactivity has increased Food consumption has increased Energy Balance = energy intake – energy expenditure
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Causes of Obesity: Individual Psychology Psychological and cultural factors ‘Hunger center’ in brain Receives sensory cues such as smell, sight, taste of food Constantly bombarded with pro-food consumption, anti-activity stimuli Receives cues from stomach when full Food sometimes represents love, happiness and security *** Food consumption and physical activity levels are typically learned behaviours. If a behaviour is central to a person’s normal behaviour, like smoking, it is often very difficult to change.
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Causes of Obesity: Social Psychology Obesigenic behaviour spreads through social networks based more on psychosocial relations than biological or environmental relations Close friendship with an obese person predicts obesity more than living near obese people or familial relation to an obese person (Christakis 2007)
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Causes of Obesity: Food Production (Social Psychology) 26
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27 Causes of Obesity: Food Production
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Causes of Obesity: Physical Activity Environment
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Causes of Obesity: Physiology Metabolic factors associated with < 2% cases of obesity ex. Thyroid gland malfunction Hormonal factors hormones can influence appetite and metabolic rate; improper sleep, poor diet can affect their levels Genetic predisposition genes that influence appetite and metabolism may have mutations
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Is it physiologically more difficult to lose weight after it is gained? The more you eat, the more your stomach learns to accepts a larger amount of food before its stretch signals fullness Fat gain occurs through: hyperplasia (increased fat cell numbers) and hypertrophy (increase in size) Fat loss occurs through hypotrophy ONLY Which means once you gain fat cells, they never go away, they only get smaller!!! Increase activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), a molecule that stores fat, with weight loss! Doesn’t that suck????!!!!
Slide 31-

Why do some people gain weight easily, while others do not? Thermogenic effect theory/thrifty gene hypothesis Obese people are better at converting food to tissue Healthy weight people may “waste” energy as heat Set point theory: weight and %body fat maintained around a narrow margin Metabolism speeds up when weight is gained, slows down when weight is lost Evidence: some prisoners who were overfed never gained weight, metabolic rate increased
Slide 32-

Eating disorders Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Binge Eating Disorder Night Eating Syndrome Sleep-related Eating Disorder
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Eating Disorders by the numbers Lifetime prevalence (2002) Anorexia- 0.9% women, 0.3% men Bulimia- 1.5% women, 0.5 % men Binge eating disorder- 3.5% women, 2.0% men
Slide 34-

Anorexia Nervosa Anorexia = lack of appetite Nervosa means that it is a psychiatric disorder Those affected Have an intense fear of getting fat Have a distorted body image Do not understand how bad it is or why it started Often think being thin is linked with beauty and/or perfection Can slow growth and cause long term effects if during adolescence Highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disorder!
Slide 35-

Bulimia nervosa Bulimia = ‘great hunger’ Involves periods of extreme overeating (binging) followed by energy depletion either by vomiting, laxatives or excessive exercise Warning Signs include: Preoccupation with food Distorted perception of body weight Frequent dieting Medical risks include Tooth decay Stomach rupture Tears in the esophagus Irregular heart beat
Slide 36-

Binge Eating Disorder
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Eating Disorders Night Eating Syndrome The typical person with this controversial disorder: Skips breakfast Consumes approx half of their Calories after dinner Binges on foods that are typically carbohydrate-dense Suffers from depression/anxiety (guilt exacerbates condition) Has difficulty sleeping Sleep-Related Eating Disorder A person with this disorder gets up in a sleep-walking state and binges on excessive amounts of Calories Will eat strange combinations of food they would typically never consume
Slide 38-

Eating disorders Food is typically not the problem Often a larger psychological issue is at its base Obsession with perfection Distorted body image Child abuse; physical or verbal More often than not affects females
Slide 39-

Body dissatisfaction and weight A significant portion of 5-year-old girls associate a diet with food deprivation, weight loss and thinness 29% of girls in grade 10 engage in weight loss behaviour 40% of grade 10 girls perceived themselves as too fat Girls who are teased are 1.5 times more likely to engage in extreme weight loss measures Adolescent girls who diet are 324% more likely to be obese than those who don’t!! (Stice, 1999)
Slide 40-

Body Image Rant Take home message: You are not your body! Looks fade, so it is critical to not base your self worth on your appearance. Take care of yourself for your health! Confidence is beautiful! Be proud of who you are and the body that you were given, we are all beautiful in our own ways (super corny, but true!)
Slide 41-

Weight Management
Slide 42-

Poor methods of Weight Reduction Fad diets: a ‘miracle’ way to drop a lot of weight, often in a short period of time Most are only effective because they are a disguise for a low-calorie diet Often you may lose weight in the form of body water, muscle, not fat not nutritionally balanced Often too severe a reduction in caloric intake is prescribed Can actually lower metabolic rate! Cannot be maintained for long term
Slide 43-

Poor methods of Weight Reduction Diuretics to increase urination Stimulants to suppress appetite Massage: no evidence to support: waste of time! surgery: Jaw wired shut Stomach stapled Intestinal bypass liposuction
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Guidelines for Sound Weight control
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Improve your Diet Balance is the key! You should not be losing more than 1-2 lbs per week More than this often results in future weight gain A 500 kcal drop per day is recommended There are many effective weight loss regimes Caloric intake should be reduced Portion control, nutrient dense foods, filling foods Don’t lie to yourself about what you are consuming! Be aware of what’s in what you are eating (see next slide)
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Changing eating habits It’s about the way you eat too! Don’t shop while hungry Don’t leave tempting food in sight Eat slowly Wait 20 minutes before eating again Buy smaller plates Have a food that signals the end of your meal (ie. Small chocolate) Eat more, but smaller meals throughout the day to control hunger Don’t skip breakfast
Slide 48-

Improve level of Exercise Increases caloric consumption, boasts metabolism Exercise helps maintain muscle mass, which allows for greater metabolic rate Gives a toned look Helps relieve depression and anxiety Must think of it as a permanent change! Find activities you enjoy that you will incorporate into the rest of your life
Slide 49-

Peer Group Support/ Psychological Modification Group weight loss programs can be helpful Emotional eating can disguise an underlying emotional conflict, counselling may help Everyone has a general idea of how much they should exercise/ eat. This does not change behaviour! You have to change the way you think, and that isn’t easy! Keeping a journal of your thought processes/talking to others can help