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Description : Biological molecule for living cell

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Published on : Feb 01, 2020 | Views : 1711 | Downloads : 0

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Slide 1-

BBiol The Raw Materials of cell The Building Blocks of Life The Molecules of Cells Chapter 2 Biological molecules
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Biomolecules Molecular biology is to study biological molecule forms Closely related to biochemistry (chemical reactions of biological molecules) Biochemical reactions in the body is know as metabolism Metabolism is complex, but it has an underlying simplicity How? (By well controlled and regulated, only 20 common amino acids use to make millions naturally occurring proteins.) Large–scale industrial reactions or precise targeting of cells in medical treatments
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Building block of life Molecules consist of elements Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen and Nitrogen (In order of abundance) They account > 99% of the atoms found in all living things Carbon know as basic skeletons of organic molecules A) Can join together to form long chain or ring structures B) Groups and other atoms can attached to it Organic molecules contain carbon and hydrogen Biomolecules make up living organisms
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Building block of life
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Monomers, polymers and macromolecules Macromolecule means giant molecule Included Polysaccharides, Protein (polypeptides) and Nucleic acid (polynucleotides) These molecules are polymers, made up of many repeating subunits that are similar or identical The subunits referred as monomers Lipid is not polymers which made up by simple biochemicals (Sometime included nucleotides)
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Polymers Natural : Cellulose and rubber Industrially produced: polyester, polythene, PVC (polyvinyl chloride) and nylon Polyester Polythene PVC Nylon
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Biological Macromolecules Life depends on four types of organic macromolecules: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Can you think of an example of each?
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Carbohydrates All carbohydrates contain elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen “Hydrate” refer water (2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom) General formula Cx(H2O)y Divided into Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides “Saccharide” refer sugar or sweet substance.
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Monosaccharides General formula (CH2O)n and consist of a single sugar molecule (‘mono’ means one) There are 3 types monosaccharides classified according to number of carbon atom in molecule A) Trioses (3C) B) Pentoses (5C)---- ribose, deoxyribose C) Hexoses (6C) ---- glucose, fructose, galactose
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Hexoses Molecular formula of hexose written as C6H12O6 Structural formula used to show arrangements of atoms in a diagram For example: glucose
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Ring Structure Pentoses and hexoses carbon chain is long enough to close up itself and form stable ring structure (page 30) Ring therefore contain oxygen and carbon atoms
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Ring Structure Two forms of the same chemical known as isomers below: α-glucose (alpha-glucose), above: β-glucose (beta-glucose) α and β isomers give rises biological consequences, given structure starch, glycogen and cellulose
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Roles of monosaccharides A) Source of energy in respiration. Due to large number of carbon-hydrogen bonds These bonds broke to release energy ATP Glucose is the important monosaccharide in energy metabolism B) Building block for larger molecules Glucose use to make polysaccharides such as starch, glycogen and cellulose Ribose use to make RNA and ATP Deoxyribose use to make DNA
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Question 2.1 (page 30) The formula for a hexose is C6H12O6 or (CH2O)6. What would be the formula of: A) a triose B) a pentose
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Question 2.1 (Ans) The formula for a hexose is C6H12O6 or (CH2O)6. What would be the formula of: A) a triose B) a pentose Ans: a C3H6O3 or (CH2O)3 b C5H10O5 or (CH2O)5
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Disaccharides and glycosidic bond Disaccharides form by two monosaccharides through process condensation Two hydroxyl (-OH) group line up along side each other
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Disaccharides and glycosidic bond
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Disaccharides and glycosidic bond Reverse of condensation is known as hydrolysis When it take place?? (During digestion of disaccharides or polysaccharides when they broken down to monosaccharides)
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Roles of disaccharides A) Sucrose Transport sugar in plants Sugar commonly buy in shops B) Lactose Sugar found in milk Important constituent of diet of young mammals
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Reducing sugar (pg 32) Reducing sugar has a free aldehyde or ketone which act as reducing agent All monosaccharides such as glucose, fructose and galactose, ribose and deoxyribose Some disaccharides such as maltose Benedict’s reagent (copper (II) sulfate in alkaline solution (pg 32)
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Non-Reducing sugar (pg 32) Sucrose Hydrochloric acid for hydrolysis Sodium hydroxide for neutralised
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Question 2.2 (page 32) Why do you need to use excess Benedict’s reagent if you want to get an idea of the concentration of a sugar solution? B) Outline how you could use the Benedict’s test to estimate the concentration of a solution of a reducing sugar.
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Question 2.2 (Ans) Why do you need to use excess Benedict’s reagent if you want to get an idea of the concentration of a sugar solution? Ans: To ensure that all of the sugar reacts with the Benedict’s reagent. B) Outline how you could use the Benedict’s test to estimate the concentration of a solution of a reducing sugar. Ans: Prepare a range of samples of reducing sugar, e.g. glucose, of known concentration. Carry out a Benedict’s test on each solution. This will give you a range of different colours, each colour representing a different known concentration of reducing sugar. These samples are known as colour standards. The test must be carried out in exactly the same way for each sample (e.g. same volumes). If you have a colorimeter, take a reading for each concentration and plot the reading against concentration on a graph. This is called a calibration curve. If you do not have a colorimeter, line the tubes up in a rack. Then carry out the test in exactly the same way on your unknown sample. If using a colorimeter, obtain a reading for it and use the graph to read off the concentration. If not, hold your tube against the row of colour standards and judge by eye which is the closest match.