Download Free Medical BASIC PATHOLOGY PowerPoint Presentation

BASIC PATHOLOGY PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Download free BASIC PATHOLOGY PowerPoint presentation with slides on Pathology, Clinical medicine, Disease, Etiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Clinical manifestation.

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Published on : Aug 17, 2017 | Views : 3500 | Downloads : 19

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Slide 1-

BASIC PATHOLOGY Introduction, Cell & Tissue Damage 1
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Pathology Definition Pathology is the study (logos) of suffering/diseases (pathos) Involves basic medical sciences and clinical practice to investigates of the causes (etiology) of the diseases and the mechanism (pathogenesis) 2
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Basic terminology in Pathology Disease Etiology Pathogenesis Diagnosis Clinical manifestation - Signs and symptoms Prognosis Epidemiology 3
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Disease / dis-ease Disease is a condition in which the presence of an abnormality of the body causes a loss of normal health Idiopathic – no identifiable causes Iatrogenic – occur as a result from medical treatment Congenital – disease existing at birth or before birth, involves in the development of fetus Acquired - develops post –fetally Nosocomial – due to being in a hospital environments 4
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Etiology Refers to the study of the cause of the disease General categories of etiological agents; genetic abnormalities, infective agents, chemical, radiation, mechanical trauma, malnutrition 5
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Pathogenesis Is a mechanism of the disease which etiology operates to produce the pathological and clinical manifestation For examples – inflammation, degeneration, immune response 6
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Diagnosis Refers to the process of attempting to determine or identify a possible disease or disorder. 7 Prognosis Refers to the expected outcome of a disease.
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Complication and sequalae Complication – is the onset of the disease in a person who is already coping with another existing disease. Sequalae – unwanted outcomes of having disease or are the result of trauma 8
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Clinical Manifestation Are the signs and symptoms or evidence of disease Signs – objective alteration that can be observe or measured by another person; pulse rate, blood pressure, Temperature etc Symptoms – subjective experiences reported by the person, complains such as pain, nausea, vomiting etc 9
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Epidemiology Is the study of tracking patters of disease occurrence and transmission among populations and by geographic areas. Incidence of a disease– is the number of new cases occurring in specific time of period Prevalence of a disease – is the number of existing cases within a populations during the specific time of period. 10
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Prefixes and Suffixes and Roots Root- the foundation of the word Prefix – place before the root to modify its meaning Suffix – places after root to modify and give essential meaning to the root 1. Hyperlipoproteinemia Prefix : hyper (higher) Roots : lipoprotein Suffix : -emia (blood condition) 11
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2. Hepatosplenomegaly Root : hepato (hepar), spleno (spleen) Suffix : -megaly (enlargement) 3. Meningitis Root : mening (meninges) Suffix : - itis (inflammation) 4. Tachycardia Root : cardia (heart) Prefix : tachy – (fast/rapid) 12
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Relationship between Cell Adaptation, Cells degeneration, Cell Death 13 NORMAL CELLS CELLS ADAPTATION CELLS DEGENERATION CELLS DEATH (NECROSIS/APOPTOSIS Injuries Injuries Injuries
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Cellular Adaptation Under normal conditions, cells must constantly adapt to changes is their environment (physiological, pathological). Atrophy Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Dysplasia Metaplasia 14
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Atrophy Shrinkage of the size of the cells by the lost of the cells substance. The entire tissue or organs diminishes in size and function May be due to decrease in workload, lost of nerve innervations, Lack of blood supply, inadequate nutrition, lost of endocrine stimulation and aging process. 15
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Hypertrophy Increase the size of the cells and consequently the size of the organs Increased the synthesis of structural protein and organelles Can be physiologic (ex -increase workload during exercise, uterine myometrium during pregnancy) and pathologic (hypertrophy of myocardium – hypertension/aortic valve disease) 16
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Hyperplasia Increase the number of cells in an organ or tissue. (increase rate of cellular division) Hypertrophy and hyperplasia are closely related (exp : gravid uterus) Can be compensatory hyperplasia (exp: liver), hormonal hyperplasia (exp: uterus, breast) and pathological (exp: endometrium) 17
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Metaplasia Is a reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another cell type. Adaptation of cells that sensitive to particular stress to cell types better able to withstand the adverse of environment 18
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Dysplasia Not a true cellular adaptation Atypical hyperplasia Abnormal change in the size, shape and organization of mature cells Strongly associated with common neoplastic growth Exp: CIN – cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, hip dysplasia 19
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Cell Injury Nonlethal injury - cell degeneration Lethal injury – necrosis 20
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Cell Degeneration (Nonlethal Injury) Nonlethal injury may produce cell degeneration Manifested as a abnormality of biochemical function, structural changes or combination. Its reversible but may become irreversible (necrosis/apoptosis) May produce clinical disease. 21
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Necrosis (Lethal Injury) Definition – unprogrammed cell death and living tissues. (opposite to apoptosis) Irreversible Accompanied with by biochemical and morphological changes Due to hypoxia, chemical substances, free radical, immunologic response, infections etc 22
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Stages of Necrosis Early changes : morphologically normal Nuclear changes : pyknosis – chromatin clumps into coarse strands, nucleus become shrunken Cytoplasmic changes : denaturation of cytoplasmic protein and lost of ribosomes, swelling of mitochondria and disruption of organelle membranes and autolysis occur via lysosomes 23
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Type of Necrosis Different cells shows different morphologic changes after they undergo necrosis. Base on that necrosis can be classified into: Coagulative necrosis Liquefactive necrosis Caseous / gummatous necrosis Fat necrosis Gangrenous Necrosis 24
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Coagulative Necrosis Typically occur in solid organ; heart, kidney, adrenal glands Due to hypoxia (maybe from severe ischemia or chemical) Normally, this necrotic cells retains its cellular outline. Denaturation of protein albumin causes coagulation. 25
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Liquefactive Necrosis Normally occurs in CNS which affects neuron and neuroglia cells Associated with focal bacterial and fungus infections The affected cells completely digest by hydrolytic enzymes thus changes the tissue into liquid viscous mass. 26
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Caseous Necrosis Caseous – cheese like appearance Associated with tuberculous pulmonary (TB) infection, esp by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis 27
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Fat Necrosis Occur in pancreas, breast and other abdominal structures Caused by lipases enzymes which break down triglycerides (lipid) into fatty acids and glycerol Fatty acids and glycerol then combine with Ca, Mg, Na to form Calcium Soaps (Saponification) The necrotic tissue appears opaque and chalk white. 28
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Gangrenous Necrosis (gangrene) Extensive tissue necrosis Divide into two; dry and wet Dry – occurs in extremities as a results of ischemic coagulative necrosis due to arterial obstruction Wet – occurs in extremities and internal organ as a results of liquefactive necrosis due to bacterial infection. Gas – necrotic tissue infected by clostridium perfringes 29
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Causes of Cell Injury Oxygen deprivation Chemical agents Infectious agents Immunologic reactions Genetic defects Nutritional imbalances Physical agents Aging 30
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Oxygen deprivation Hypoxia – oxygen deficiency Due to ischemia – lost/lack of blood supply (due to arterial blockage or reduce venous drainage) Hypoxia also can occurs via: Lack of oxygen inside blood Reduction in oxygen carrying capacity in RBC (anemia) Carbon monoxide poisoning 31
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Chemical agents Most of the chemical substances can cause cell injury For example : poisons, air pollutants, insecticides, CO, asbestos, ethanol, therapeutics drugs etc This agents can cause cell death by: Altering membrane permeability’ Altering osmotic homeostasis Altering integrity of an enzyme 32
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Infectious agent Viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, helminths 33
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Immunologic Reactions Autoimmune disease – immunity against its own tissues . For examples SLE, Rheumatoid Arthritis etc 34
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Genetic Defects Abnormalities to the genomes - mutation This chromosome anomaly is associated with missing, or irregularities or extra in portion of chromosomal DNA Syndrome Down, Alzheimer's Disease, Huntington’s Disease etc 35
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Nutritional Imbalance Cause by directly or indirectly lack of essential nutrients (malnutrition) Or it maybe related to excessive of food intake (Diabetic Mellitus) For example protein deficiency – Kwashiorkor, Marasmus Calcium deficiency – osteoporosis Vitamin C - Scurvy 36
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Physical Agents Trauma, extremes of temperature, radiation, electrical shock all have wide ranging effects on cells. 37
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Aging Aged cells become larger, less able to divide and multiply Lose their ability to functions, or function abnormally. 38
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