Download Free Medical Basic Human Needs - Nutrition PowerPoint Presentation

Basic Human Needs - Nutrition PowerPoint Presentation

DOWNLOAD MEDICAL POWERPOINT PRESENTATION

About This Presentation

Description : Check out this medical presentation on Pregnancy Nutrition, which is titled "Basic Human Needs - Nutrition", to know about nutrients as the elements necessary for body processes and function.

Tags : Pregnancy, Nutrition, nutrients, body processes, function

Published on : Jul 07, 2021 | Views : 1413 | Downloads : 6

Shareable Url :

Embed Code :

Comment

Transcript

Slide 1-

Basic Human Needs Nutrition
Slide 2-

Nutrients: The Biochemical units of nutrition Body requires fuel to provide energy for cellular metabolism and repair, organ function, growth & body movement Food is the fuel that keeps the machine that is our body running
Slide 3-

Energy requirements based on: Basal metabolic rate (BMR)-Energy needed to maintain life sustaining ( Breathing, circulation, temperature, heart rate) Resting Energy Expenditure (REE)-measurement that accounts for BMR plus energy needed to digest food & perform mild activity. Accounts for 60-70% of our daily needs
Slide 4-

Nutrients Elements necessary for body processes & function 6 Categories Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, Water, Vitamins, Minerals
Slide 5-

Carbohydrates Main source of energy (55-60% of calories in diet) Each gram = 4 kcal Composed of carbon, hydrogen & oxygen Main source of fuel (glucose) for brain, skeletal muscle during exercise, RBC &WBC production, cell function of renal medulla Obtained from plant foods, except for lactose (milk, sugar)
Slide 6-

Simple Carbohydrates Classified according to saccharides Monosaccharide- glucose(dextrose), fructose, galactose (building blocks of all other CHO) Glucose- blood sugar (normal fasting BS=70-100 mg/ml) Disaccharide- sucrose, lactose, maltose, Sugar alcohols-sugar replacers Artificial sweetners
Slide 7-

Complex Carbohydrates Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates Starches, glycogen, & fiber are polysaccharides Starches are the major source of CHO in diet (grains, cereals, breads, pasta, starchy vegetables & legumes) Glycogen- animal starch (found in liver & muscle tissue, provides immediate fuel for muscle action
Slide 8-

Dietary Fiber Plant foods that cannot be broken down by body to digest Fiber eliminated by intestinal waste Adds volume, no fuel or energy Fiber in diet helps promote regularity of bowel movements, helps in regulating blood sugar, reducing cholesterol, may promote weight loss, reduce risk of colon cancer & diverticular disease
Slide 9-

ppt slide no 9 content not found
Slide 10-

Functions of CHO Provide fuel (CHO primary source) Spare body protein (body can convert protein to glucose; body will break down internal protein stores before fat stores in absence of CHO) Helps prevent ketosis (partially broken down fats accumulate in blood as ketones) Enhance learning & memory (Glucose)
Slide 11-

Proteins Provide a source of energy 4 kcal per gram Essential for synthesis of body tissue in growth, maintenance & repair Collagen, hormones, enzymes, immune cells, DNA, RNA are composed of protein Blood clotting, fluid regulation, & acid-base balance require protein
Slide 12-

Protein Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,& nitrogen There are essential and nonessential amino acids Complete and incomplete proteins Essential amino acids: isoleucine, leucine, lysine, threonine, tryptophan, methionine, histidine, valine, phenylalanine
Slide 13-

Protein Albumin & Insulin are simple proteins Lipoprotein is a complex protein (Lipid & protein) Complete & Incomplete proteins
Slide 14-

Protein Nitrogen balance- intake & output of nitrogen equal When intake of nitrogen exceeds output, body is in a positive nitrogen balance (growth, pregnancy, maintenance of lean muscle mass & vital organs, wound healing The extra nitrogen is used for building, repairing, & replacement of tissues
Slide 15-

Protein Negative Nitrogen balance- Body loses nitrogen faster than it gains it Infection, Sepsis, Fever, starvation, head injury, trauma, burns Increased nitrogen loss is the result of body tissue destruction or loss of nitrogen containing body fluids
Slide 16-

ppt slide no 16 content not found
Slide 17-

How protein functions in the body Provision of structure Growth & maintenance of tissue Regulation of body processes (hormones, enzymes, nucleoproteins) Development of immunity Circulation of blood and nutrients Backup source of energy
Slide 18-

Fats Fats(lipids) are the most calorically dense Composed of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen (basic structural unit=glycerol) 9 kcal per gram Composed of monoglycerides, diglycerides, & triglycerides Lipogenesis- Synthesis of fatty acids
Slide 19-

Fats Fatty acids can be Saturated or Unsaturated, Monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated & Trans-fatty acids Essential Fatty Acids (Linoleic, Linolenic) must be supplied by diet Nonessential fatty acids Necessary for metabolic processes HDL vs LDL
Slide 20-

ppt slide no 20 content not found
Slide 21-

Fats Animal fats are high in saturated fatty acids Vegetable fats are high in unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids
Slide 22-

Functions of Fats Fuel source Vehicle for fat soluble vitamins Satiety value Sources of essential fatty acids Organ protection Lubrication Insulation Cell membrane structure
Slide 23-

Cholesterol Not a true fat, classified as a sterol Body manufactures 1000 mg day Component of bile salts, essential component of cell membrane, necessary for production of several hormones (cortisone, estrogen adrenaline, testosterone) Elevated blood levels is a major risk factor for CAD ( < 200 mg/dL optimal)
Slide 24-

ppt slide no 24 content not found
Slide 25-

Water Critical component of body Cell function depends on a fluid environment 60-70% of body weight Muscle contains more water than fat Infants have higher total body water Fluid needs met by ingesting fluids & solid food high in water content (fruits & veggies)
Slide 26-

Vitamins Organic substances present in small amounts in food Essential for normal metabolism Body depends on dietary intake Vitamin content higher in fresh foods Classification by solubility: water or fat
Slide 27-

Vitamins Fat Soluble- Vitamins A, D, E, K Can be stored in body Provided through dietary intake except for Vitamin D Antioxidant role of vitamins Water Soluble-Vitamin C, B Complex (8 vitamins) Cannot be stored in body, provided by dietary intake Vitamins are catalysts in biochemical reactions
Slide 28-

Functions of Fat-Soluble Vitamins Vitamin A: vision, healthy epithelial tissue, proper bone growth, energy regulation Vitamin D: promotes normal bone mineralization, plays a role in calcium and phosphorus absoprtion Vitamin E: antioxidant role (protects Vitamin A & unsaturated fatty acids from oxidation Vitamin K: blood clotting, bone metabolism
Slide 29-

Functions of Water-Soluble Vitamins Vitamin C: collagen synthesis, powerful antioxidant, adrenal gland function, iron absorption, folic acid conversion B-Complex: co-enzyme in numerous metabolism mechanisms
Slide 30-

Minerals Inorganic elements essential to the body as catalysts in biochemical reactions Macrominerals-Body requires 100mg or more Trace elements-Body needs less than 100 mg
Slide 31-

Minerals Macrominerals- Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Sulfur, and Chloride Trace Elements- Iodine, Fluoride, Iron, Selenium, Zinc, Copper, Selenium, Manganese, Chromium
Slide 32-

A & P of Digestion Mechanical breakdown that results from chewing, churning, mixing with fluid, & chemical reaction till food reaches it’s simplest form Enzymes speed up chemical reactions
Slide 33-

A & P of Digestion Dysphagia- Difficulty swallowing Absorption occurs in small intestine- primary absorption site for nutrients Main source of water absorption via intestine, small intestine reabsorbs 9.5 L
Slide 34-

ppt slide no 34 content not found
Slide 35-

ppt slide no 35 content not found
Slide 36-

Metabolism Catabolism- Breakdown of biochemical substances into simpler substances (starvation) All body cells except RBC & neurons can oxidize fatty acids into ketones for energy in the absence of dietary CHO
Slide 37-

Metabolism Biochemical reaction with cells Anabolic or Catabolic Anabolism- Building of more complex substances, occurs when lean muscle is added through diet & exercise Amino acids are anabolized into tissue, hormones, & enzymes
Slide 38-

Dietary Guidelines Recommended dietary allowances Food Guidelines-Food Pyramid Daily values on food labels (based on 2000 kcal/day)
Slide 39-

ppt slide no 39 content not found
Slide 40-

ppt slide no 40 content not found
Slide 41-

Nutrition during Growth & Development Infant School Age Adolescents Young-Middle Adults Older Adults Alternative food patterns
Slide 42-

Nursing Process & Nutrition Assessment- Anthropometry Body Mass Index Ideal Body Weight Anthropometric measurements Labs- Albumin, Transferrin, Prealbumin, Protein, Hgb, Total Lymphocyte Count Nitrogen balance Dietary & Health history Clinical Observation
Slide 43-

ppt slide no 43 content not found
Slide 44-

Nursing Diagnosis You tell me!!!!!!
Slide 45-

Conditions affecting Digestion CVA GERD Hiatal Hernia Gastric Bypass H-Pylori Ulcers Obstruction Gallbladder Malabsorption syndromes Lactose Intolerance Celiac disease IBS IBD (colitis, Crohns) Diverticulosis Diarrhea/Constipation Hemorrhoids
Slide 46-

Implementation Acute Care Oral delivery of nutrients Enteral tube feedings Nasogastric, jejunal, gastric tubes Less risk for aspiration with jejunal feedings Indicated in cancer of neck, upper GI tract, GI disorders, CVA, dementia, Inadequate oral intake Parenteral Nutrition
Slide 47-

Tube Feeding Nsg Responsibilities Document baseline weight Check Tube placement Check residual q 4 hr Check labs I & O Daily weight Aspiration Precautions Water Flush Check for complications
Slide 48-

Enteral Feeding Complications Pulmonary aspiration Diarrhea Constipation Tube occlusion Tube displacement Delayed gastric emptying (check residual) Nausea/vomiting/cramping
Slide 49-

Enteral Feeding Formulas Osmolite Perative Pulmocare Jevity Nepro Hepataid Glucerna
Slide 50-

ppt slide no 50 content not found
Slide 51-

ppt slide no 51 content not found
Slide 52-

Enteral Access Nose-nasogastric (Levine, Dobhoff, Flexiflo) Surgically placed- gastroscopy, jejunostomy Endoscopically- Percutaneous endoscopic gastroscopy (PEG)
Slide 53-

ppt slide no 53 content not found
Slide 54-

ppt slide no 54 content not found
Slide 55-

Parenteral Nutrition Specialized nutrition support in which nutrients are provided intravenously Requires nutritional assessment, placement of CV line, careful monitoring for complications
Slide 56-

Parenteral Nutrition Clients who are unable to digest or absorb enteral nutrition benefit from TPN (Total parenteral nutrition) Clients highly stressed physiologically (burns, sepsis, head injury) also benefit
Slide 57-

Parenteral Nutrition Goal is to move back to GI route Adding lipids provides supplemental kcals & provide essential fatty acids 10% - 20% Dextrose can be given peripherally (PPN) >20% Dextrose requires CV line or PICC line
Slide 58-

ppt slide no 58 content not found
Slide 59-

ppt slide no 59 content not found
Slide 60-

ppt slide no 60 content not found
Slide 61-

TPN Monitoring Daily Weight BGM every 6 hours Vitals & temp every shift I & O Labs Dedicated line for infusion
Slide 62-

Nursing Implications TPN intravenous line requires a filter Dedicated line for infusion IV tubing changed every 24 hours Requires IV pump administration Formulas prepared by pharmacist and doubled checked by RN Special physician order sheet 10% Dextrose solution used as substitute if TPN not available
Slide 63-

TPN Complications Pneumothorax from CV line insertion Infection of CV line Air embolism Lyte & mineral imbalances Concentrated glucose administration
Slide 64-

Implementation Patient Education Special diets may be necessary GI disorders-Ulcer disease, IBD, Crohns, Malabsorption Syndrome, Diverticulitis, Celiac disease Diabetes (ADA diets) CV Disease & CVA Pulmonary Disease Renal Disease Cancer HIV
Slide 65-

Usual Diet Progression NPO Clear Liquid Full Liquid Pureed Mechanical soft Soft Regular